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Tag Test Two
tag test two
186
Anatomy
Not Applicable
12/12/2006

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Term
the central nervous system [contains]
Definition
the brain and spinal cord
Term
The peripheral nervous systme [contains]
Definition
cranial nerves [12 pairs], and spinal nerves [31 pairs].
Term
the subcatagories of the peripheral nervous system
Definition
sensory (afferent)

motor (efferent)
Term
The sensory division of PNS
Definition
transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
Term
Location of cell bodies of sensory neurons
Definition
in ganglia near the spinal cord, or near the origin of certain cranial nerves
Term
the motor division of the PNS
Definition
transmits action potentials from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands
Term
Subcatagories of motor division of PNS are
Definition
somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system
Term
the somatic nervous system
Definition
transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles. cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are located within the CNS, with axons that extend through nerves to form synapses with skeletal muscle cells
Term
the subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
Definition
sympathetic division

parasympathetic division
Term
Meninges
Definition
connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Term
Dura mater
Definition
meninges. the most superficial and thickest membrane.
Term
thecal sac
Definition
sac formed by the dura mater, that surrounds the spinal cord.
Term
epidural space
Definition
space between the periosteum of the vertebral canal and the dura mater around the spinal cord
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
next deep layer of meninges. very thin, wispy membrane.
Term
subdural space
Definition
space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
Term
pia mater
Definition
deepest maninges layer. bound very tightly to the surface of the spinal cord.
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Term
spinal nerves, sections and numbers
Definition
cervical nerves (8 pairs), thoracic (12 pairs), lumbar (5 pairs), sacral nerves (5 pairs), coccygeal nerves (1 pair)
Term
relex arc
Definition
the basic functional unit of the nervous system, and is the smallest, simplest portion capable or recieving a stimulus and producing a response
Term
components of reflex arc
Definition
a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, an interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector organ
Term
reflex pathway
Definition
action potentials initiated in sensory neurons are transmitted along axons of sensory neuron to the CNS, where axons usually synapse with interneurons. interneurons synapse with motor neurons, which send axons out to spinal cord thought the PNS to muscles or glands, where the action potentials of the motor neurons cause the effector orgn to respond.
Term
white matter
Definition
consists of mylinated axons forming nerve tracts. columns and tracts.
Term
each half of the spinal cord, the white matter is divided into three columns. Other word for columns and names.
Definition
columns-->funiculi, ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column.
Term
subdivisions of white matter columns.
Definition
nerve tracts-->fasciculi.ventral column- descending nerve tracts. dorsal nerve column- ascending nerve tracts. lateral column- mostly descending nerve tracts
Term
ascending vs descending, sensory or motor
Definition
ascending-sensory, descending-motor
Term
grey matter (consists of)
Definition
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons
Term
grey matter organization
Definition
divided into horns. each side has a posterior horn, the thinner one. and an anterior horn, the thicker one.
Term
dorsal rami
Definition
innervate most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk responsible for movement of the vertebral column. also, innervate the connective tissue and skin near the midline of the back.
Term
ventral rami
Definition
in thoracic region- form intercoastal nerves which extend along the inferior margin of each rib and innervate intercoastal muscles and skin over the thorax. ventral rami of the remaining spinal nerves form five major plexuses
Term
plexuses
Definition
describes the organization produced by intermingling of nerves. ventral rami of different spinal nerves, are called the roots of the plexus.
Term
the cervical plexus
Definition
C1-C4. innervates superficial neck structures, and skin of the neck posterior to the head.
Term
the brachial plexus
Definition
C5-T1. major nerves emerging from plexus, the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves.
Term
the lumbar plexus
Definition
L1-L4.
Term
the sacral plexus
Definition
L4-S4
Term
the coccygeal nerve
Definition
S4, S5, and the coccygeal nerve. supplies motor innervation to muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx.
Term
lumbosacral plexus
Definition
combinations of lumbar and sacral. derived from this, the obturator nerve, femoral nerve, tibial nerve, and common fibular.
Term
axillary nerve
Definition
origin- brachial plexus. innervates the deltoid and teres minor mucles. provides sensory innervation to the shoulder joint and to the skin over part of the shoulder.
Term
radial nerve
Definition
origin- brachial plexus, descends within deep aspect of posterior arm. innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb, the supinator muscle, and the brachioradicals.
Term
musculocutaneous nerve
Definition
origin- brachial plexus. provides motor innervation to the anterior muscles of the arm as well as cutaneous sensory innervation to part of the forearm.
Term
ulnar nerve
Definition
origin- brachial plexus. innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles, except some asscociated with the thumb. its sensory distribution is to the ulnar side of the hand.
Term
median nerve
Definition
origin- brachial plexus. innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles at the base of the thumb, called the thenar area of the hand. its cutaneous sensory distribution is to the radical portion of the palm of the hand.
Term
obturator nerve
Definition
origin- lumbosacral plexus. supplies the muscles that adduct the thigh. its cutaneous sensory distribution is to the medial side of the thigh.
Term
femoral nerve
Definition
origin- lumbosacral plexus. innervates the iliopsoas and sartorius muscles and quadriceps femoris group. its cutaneous sensory distribution is the anterior and the lateral thigh and the medial leg and foot.
Term
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
Definition
form the sciatic, or ischiatic nerve, the largest peripheral nerve in the body
Term
tibial nerve
Definition
origin- lumbosacral nerve. innervates most of the posterior thigh and leg muscle. branches into the foot to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves, which innervate the plantar muscles of the foot and skin over the sole of the foot.
Term
common fibular nerve
Definition
origin- lumbosacral plexus. divides into the deep and the superficial fibular nerves. these innervate the andterior and lateral muscles of the lef and foot. the cutaneous distriubution of the common fibula nerve and its branches is the lateral and anterior leg and the dorsum of the foot.
Term
brainstem (made up of what parts?)
Definition
the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
medulla. the most inferior part of the brainstem. contains sensory and motor nerve tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, related nuclei, and part of the reticular formation. center for several important reflexes, including heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting.
Term
pyramids
Definition
prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. descending nevre tracts invloved in conscious control of skeletal muscles.
Term
decussate
Definition
to cross over. describes the cross over of descending nerve tracts to opposite side.
Term
olives
Definition
two rounded, oval structure, protruding from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. are nuclei involved in functions such as balance and coordination
Term
pons
Definition
directly above the medulla. contains ascending and descending nerve tracts and several nuclei. nuclei of the pons relay information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. reflex centers, for sleep, respiration.
Term
midbrain
Definition
smallest part of the brainstem, directly above the pons. ascending and descending nerve tracts. visual reflexes, and part of audiotory pathways in CNS.
Term
medulla is responsible for
Definition
vital reflexes. heart rate, vessel size, respiration.
Term
functions of the cerebellum
Definition
control of muscle movement and tone, balance, and cooridination
Term
arbor vitae
Definition
the whit matter of the cerebellum. resembles branching out of tree. nuclei of cerebellum located in the deep inferior center of white matter.
Term
diencephalon
Definition
the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum. main components- thalamus, sucthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.
Term
thalamus
Definition
largest portion of diencephalon. a cluster of nuclei. large portion of sensory input goes here including auditory and visual information, and most other sensory impulses. synapses happen here. influences mood and actions.
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
most inferior portion of diencephalon, contains several small nuclei and nerve tracts. olfactory reflexes, emotional responses to odor, important role in controling the endocrine system by regulating pituitary gland's secretions. major control center for regulating homeostasis
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
division between hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
primary motor cortex(band)
Definition
precentral gyrus. anterior to the central sulcus.
Term
primary sensory cortex(band)
Definition
postcentral gyrus. located posterior to the central sulcus.
Term
lobes of the cerebrum
Definition
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
important to voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, the sense of smell, and mood.
Term
parital lobe
Definition
major center for reception and evaluation of sensory information except for smell, hearing, and vision.
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
functions in the reception and integration of visual input. not directly seperated from other lobes.
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
recieves and evaluates input for smell and hearing, and plays important role in memory. anterior and inferior portions associated with brain functions such as thought and judgment
Term
cerebral medulla
Definition
white matter of the brain between cortex and nuclei. nerve tracts.
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
the largest bundle of commissural fibers connecting the two hemispheres
Term
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Definition
fluid similar to serum with most of the proteins removed. bathes brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion around the CNS. provides some nutrients to CNS tissues. produced in the ventricles, mainly the lateral ventricle.
Term
choroid plexuses
Definition
specialized cells within the ventricles, their support tissue, and associated blood vessels.
Term
major difference between sheep and human brains
Definition
human cerebrum are much larger and more superiorty located vs. anteriorly in the sheep.
Term
cranial nerve functions
Definition
sensory- include special senses like vision, and more general senses like touch and pain. sematic motor- refer to the control of skeletal muscles through motor neurons. parasympathetic- involves regulation of glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle.
Term
cranial nerve I
Definition
Olfactory. exclusively sensory.
Term
cranial nerve II
Definition
Optic. exclusively sensory.
Term
cranial nerve III
Definition
Oculomotor. somatic motor and parasympathetic. innervates four of six muscles that move eyeball, and muscle that raises the superior eyelid. innervate smooth muscles in the eye and regulate size of pupil and shape of lens.
Term
cranial nerve IV
Definition
Trochlear. somatic motor. innervates one of the six eye muscles responsible for eyeball movement.
Term
cranial nerve V
Definition
Trigeminal. somatic motor and sensory. damage here could impair chewing.
Term
cranial nerve VI
Definition
Abducent, or Abducens. somatic motor.
Term
cranial nerve VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear. exclusively sensory. special hearing senses.
Term
cranial nerve X
Definition
Vagus. somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic.
Term
autonomic nervous system, responsible for what kind of functioning
Definition
involuntary, subconscious
Term
sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
Definition
cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter, bewtween T1 and L2.
Term
parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
Definition
preganglionic neurons located both superior and inferior to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the psinal cord where sypathetic preganglionic neurons are found.
Term
autonomic nervous system effectors
Definition
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, epithelial tissue and glands
Term
difference between the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
ganglia location and regions of emergence from the CNS
Term
sypathetic place of emergence
Definition
thoraco lumbar
Term
parasympathetic place of emergence
Definition
cranio sacral
Term
sympathetic axons reach organs through
Definition
spinal nerves, head and neck plexuses, thoracic nerve plexuses, and abdominopelvic nerve plexuses.
Term
parasympathetic axons reach organs through
Definition
cranial nerves, thoracic nerve plexuses, abdominopelvic nerve plexuses, and pelvic nerves.
Term
nerotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Definition
sympathetic- norepinephrine, parasympathetic- acetylcholine
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
thin, transparent mucous membrane.
Term
palpebral conjuntiva
Definition
covers inner surface os the eyelids
Term
bulbar conjunctiva
Definition
covers the anterior white surface of the eye
Term
lacrimal gland
Definition
produces tears, which leave gland through several lacrimal ducts
Term
extrinisic muscles, allow what to do what
Definition
allow the eyeball to move.
Term
rectus muscles
Definition
four muscles that run more or less stright anteroposteriorly. the superior, inferior, medial, and laterl
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline, toward the center
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline
Term
superior
Definition
up
Term
inferior
Definition
down
Term
ventral
Definition
same as anterior, front. the ventral surface of the body is the belly
Term
dorsal
Definition
same as posterior, back.
Term
oblique muscles
Definition
superior and inferior, placed at an angle to the globe of the eye.
Term
three tunics
Definition
outer- the fibrous tunic, middle- the vascular tunic, inner- the nervous tunic
Term
fibrous tunic (contains)
Definition
the outer tunic. consistas of the sclera and cornea
Term
vascular tunic
Definition
the middle tunic. consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. contains most of the blood vessels of the eyeball.
Term
nervous tunic
Definition
inner tunic. consists of the retina.
Term
sclera layer
Definition
firm, opaque, white outer layer of the posterior five-sixths of the eye. helps maintain the eyes shape, protects internal structures, and provides attachment point for the muscles that move it.
Term
cornea
Definition
continuous with the sclera. an avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye, and bends, or refracts, that light, as part of the focusing system of the eye.
Term
choroid
Definition
portion of the vascular tunic. thin layer, under sclera. posterior.
Term
suspensory ligaments
Definition
attaches ciliary processes to the lens
Term
ciliary body
Definition
continuous with the choroid, and the iris is attached to its lateral margina.
Term
ciliary muscles
Definition
smooth muscles of the ciliary body. function as a sphincter, and contraction of these can change the shape of the lens
Term
iris
Definition
colored part of the eye. surrounds the pupil, and regulates the amount of light entering by controlling the size of the pupil.
Term
retina
Definition
the innermost, nervous tunic of the eye. consists of the
Term
pigmented retina
Definition
outer.pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium.
Term
sensory retina
Definition
inner. responds to light. contains 120 million photoreceptors cells and 6 to 7 million cones. covers the inner surface of the eye posterior to the chiliary body
Term
rods
Definition
photoreceptors in the retina, responsible for noncolor vision in low intensity light
Term
cones
Definition
photoreceptor of the retina of the eye, responsible for color vision.
Term
mascula lutea
Definition
near the center of the posterior retina, yellow spot, where light is focused.
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
small pit in the center of the mascula lutea . together they make up the part where light is focused. portion of the retina with the greatest visual activity because the photoreceptor cells are more tightly packed there then aywhere else.
Term
optic disc
Definition
just medial to the mascula lutea. white spot. through which blood vessels enter the eye and spread over surface of retina. spot where nerve processes from the snesory retina meet and pass thru outer two tunice and leave eye as optic nerve.
Term
blind spot
Definition
caused by the optic disc. the disc contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light.
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
watery, clear substance. fills the andterior and posterior chambers of the eye. helps maintin intraocular pressure. nutrients to the structures of the anterior chamber.
Term
canal of schlemm
Definition
venous ring at the base of the cornea. returns aqueous humor to circulation.
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
filling of the vitreous chamber of the eye. transparent, jellylike substance. not produced as raidly as aqueous humor. helps maintain pressure. holds lens and retina in place.
Term
lens
Definition
suspended between the two eye compartments by the suspensory ligaments of the lens. transparent and biconvex.
Term
ophthalmoscope
Definition
exams inside of eye, retina,and optic nerve
Term
astigmatism
Definition
type of refractive error, quality of focus is affected.
Term
cover-uncover test
Definition
A test to detect strabismus in which one eye focusing on a given point is covered; if the uncovered eye moves, strabismus is present.
Term
auricle
Definition
or pinna. fleshy outside part of ear. composed mostly of elastic cartilage covered with skin.
Term
external acoustic meatus
Definition
passageway from the outside of ear to the eardrum. lined with hairs and ceruminous glands.
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
produce earwax
Term
components of the outer ear
Definition
auricle and external acoustic meatus
Term
tympanum
Definition
ear drum. a thin, semitransparents, nearly oval, three layered membrane that seperates outer and middle ear. eardrum to malleus to incus to stapes.
Term
pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
or auditory tube. opens into phyarynx, equalizes are pressure between outside air and middle ear cavity.
Term
auditory ossicles
Definition
malleus, incus, and stapes. they transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
Term
vestibule
Definition
imbedded in bony laberinth. involved primarily in balance.
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
imedded in bony labyrinth. involved primarily in balance.
Term
chochlea
Definition
in bony labyrinth, in portion of temporal bone. involved in hearing.
Term
otoscope
Definition
device for viewing tympanum, or eardrum
Term
otitis media
Definition
middle ear infection
Term
myringotomy
Definition
surgical slit in tympanum
Term
tympanostomy
Definition
insertion of tubes in slits in ear. tubes in ears.
Term
functions of the respitory system
Definition
gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, protection.
Term
contents of respiratory system
Definition
external nose, nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs.
Term
conchae
Definition
three boney ridges of the lateral wallas of the nasal cavity. superior, middle, and inferior.
Term
meati
Definition
passageways beneath each conchae. superior, middle, and inferior.
Term
pharynx
Definition
common opening of both the digestive and respiratory system.
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
behind choanae, and above the soft plate. the top.
Term
oropharaynx
Definition
from the soft plate to the epiglottis. oral cavity opens into this. food, air, and drink all pass through here.
Term
laryngopharaynx
Definition
extends from tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus, and passes posterior to the larynx. food and drink pass through.
Term
larynx
Definition
anterior part of throat
Term
thyroid cartilage
Definition
largest of the cartilages. adam's apple. unpaired.
Term
cricoid cartilage
Definition
most inferior cartilage. forms the base of the larynx. unpaired.
Term
epiglottis
Definition
unpaired cartilage. attached to thyroid cartilage and projects free flap toward the tongue. covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing.
Term
arytenoids
Definition
articulate with the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilages.
Term
trachea
Definition
windpipe. 15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage. cartilages protect the trachea and maintain an open passageway for air.
Term
(trachea) bronchi
Definition
two main tubes branching off from trachea to each lung
Term
bronchioles
Definition
continued branching of bronchi of trachea. 1mm in diameter.
Term
alveoli
Definition
small air filled chambers. place of gas exchange between the air and blood.
Term
tidal volume
Definition
volume of air inspired or expired with each breath
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume
Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition
amount of air thatcan be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume
Term
vital capacity
Definition
the sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory volume, and expiratory volume. the maximum volume of air that a person can expel from their respiratory tract after maximum inspiration.
Term
residual volume
Definition
volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
Term
anatomic dead space
Definition
space in the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur, formed by the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.
Term
chambers of the heart
Definition
right and left atrium, right and left ventricles
Term
pericardium, or pericardial sac
Definition
sac that surrounds the heart, containing pericardial fluid
Term
superior and inferior vena cava
Definition
carry blood from the body to the right atreum
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Term
aorta
Definition
carries blood from left ventricle to the body. artery.
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
artery that exts the heart. carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Term
coronary arteries (left and right)
Definition
exit the aorta just above where the aorta leaves the heart and lie within the coronary sulcus
Term
coronary sulcus
Definition
runs obliquely around the heart, seperating the atria from the ventricles
Term
atrioventricular valve
Definition
in each atrioventricular canal and is composed of cusps and flaps. allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles but prevent blood from flowing back
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
the atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and the ventricle, has three cusps.
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
the atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventircle, has two cusps.
Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
thin, strong connective tissue stings that connect the papillary muscles. attached to cusps of cuspid valaves ad at their base, papillary muscle hillocks to absorb shock.
Term
carotid arteries
Definition
head nad neck
Term
pulminary arteries
Definition
one transporting blood to each lung
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
leaving lungs and entering left atrium
Term
coronary arteries
Definition
supply blood to the cardiac muscles. branches from ascending aorta.
Term
common iliac arteries
Definition
branches from abdominal aorta. supply blood to the pelvis and the lower limbs
Term
brachiocephalic artery
Definition
first branch of the aortic arch. (to the left). very short artery, branches at the level with the clavicle
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