Term
| roles of the skeletal system |
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Definition
supports body weight
transfers body weight
body movement
muscle and lig attachment
organ protection
bone marrow storage
mineral storage |
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Term
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Definition
long cylindrical shaft (diaphysis)
protruding ends (epiphyses)
functions as lever
ex. humerus and fibula |
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Term
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Definition
short and relatively symmetrical
no diaphysis(shaft)
ex.carpals and tarsals |
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Term
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Definition
flat or curved surface
ex. scapula and ilium |
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Term
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Definition
round like a sesame seed
embedded within a tendon
provide protection and leverage/mechanical advantage
ex. patella and sesamoids on big toe
can be classified as irregular |
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Term
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Definition
irregular shaped
ex. mazilla and vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny bones found in the suture joints of the cranium |
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Term
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Definition
periosteum-fiber membrane that surrounds it. it is the attachment site for tendons and ligaments
wall (cortex) is composed of cortical (compact) bone tissue
inner surface is lined with cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone
endosteum- fibrous membrane that lines the walls of the medullary (marrow) cavity. marrow is located within the diaphysis. |
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Term
| epiphyseal plate is made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| articular (hyaline) cartilage |
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Definition
covers articular surfaces of bones
protects from wear and tear
provides shock absorption
poor blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
osteoblast- build bone tissue
osetoclast-breakdown or resorb bone tissue
osteocytes-located within lacunae(small cavities within a bone) |
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Term
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Definition
found in shaft
ordered and dense bone |
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Term
| cacelleous (trabecular or spongy) bone |
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Definition
irregualr and sponge-like arrangement
epiphyses |
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Term
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Definition
bone responds to the physical demands that are placed on it
increased stress= greater bone mass
decreased stress = lesser bone mass
excessive stress= bone pathology |
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Term
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Definition
around epiphysis
connective tissue
cartilage cells-chondroblast= cartilage builders and chondrocytes are mature chondroblast |
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Term
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Definition
collagen= tensile strength and elastin= elasticity
ground substance= proteoglycans-glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate) |
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Term
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Definition
fibrocartilage
located on the tibia plateauvacularity declines as you move toward inner edges
medial miniscus is attached to the MCL
provides for shock absorption and stability
thinner as you move towards the cecter |
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Term
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Definition
ring of fibrocartilage (more collegen fibers)
glenoid lab- attached to gleniod fossa and long head of biceps brachii tendon attaches to superior portion of glenoid labrum
deepens the articular surface of glenohumeral joint
provides shock absorption and stability |
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Term
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Definition
dense fibrous conn tissue
composed of collagen with some elastic fibers
strong tensile strength
bone to bone
facilitate or limit movement
provided static joint stab
poor blood supply |
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Term
| bursae are filled with what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dense fibrous conn tissue
cord like shape
composed of collagen and some elastin fibers
strong tensile strength
muscle to bone
transmit force from muscle to bone to create movement
bounded down by retnaculum
poor blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal(stirated) voluntary. skeletal muscle
cardiac- involuntary. heart
smooth- involutary surrounds walls of blood vessels and hollow organs |
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Term
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Definition
parallel(longitudinal) arranged in parallel manner
pennate muscle- in oblique manner from a central tendon |
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Term
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Definition
flat-thing and broad ex rectus ab
fusiform (spindle) spindle shaped brachiorad
triangular (radiate) fan shaped ex trap
strap- long parallel manner ex sartorius
sphincter (circular) around a body opening
spiral- arranged around long axis ex lats |
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Term
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Definition
unipennate- one side brachialis
bipennate biceps femoris
multipennate deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
multineucleate
rich in mitochon
contain myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
type 1(slow twitch)
type 2a (intermediate)
type 2b (fast twitch) |
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Term
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Definition
slow oxidative
small in diameter
red in color
high myoglobin
slow speed contraction
slow rate of fatigue
good for cross country |
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Term
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Definition
fast oxidative glycolyti
intermed in diameter
red
fast speed contration
intermediate rate of fatiue |
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Term
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Definition
fast glycolyic large in dia
white in color
low myoglobin
fast contraction
fast rate of fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixators
neutralizers |
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Term
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Definition
| stops unwanted action at fixed attachment point of a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| stops unwanted action at mobile attachment point of a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
static and dynamic
isotonic- concentric (positive) cont- tension develops as muscle lengthens
eccentric negative. muscle shortens |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle contains groups of PERIMYSIUM then that has ENDOMYSIUM then that has MUSCLE FIBERS that are covers around with sarcolemma (cell membrane) and each one is a MYOFIBRIL |
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Term
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Definition
| has no blood vessels, nourished by capillaries in the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
under the epidermis
able to stretch extensisvely
composition- elastic conn tissue, blood vessels, nerves |
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Term
| dermal papillea (in dermis region) |
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Definition
| areas where dermis projects toward surface of epidermis, finger and foot prints |
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Term
| subcutaneous layers(hypodermis) |
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Definition
below dermis
conn skin to superficial muscles
composition- adipose, loose conn tissue, blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| oil glands, used to lubricate skin/hair |
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Term
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Definition
sweat glands, cool the body,
eccrine- secreates sweat
apocrine-axillae and groin
modified sweat glands- mammary, ceruminous(ear wax), ciliary glands (eyelids) |
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Term
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Definition
dead made of keratin
meanocytes=pigment of hair
erector pili-thin band of involuntary muscle/goose pumps |
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Term
| divisions of nervous system |
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Definition
CNS-brain and spinal cord
PNS-nerves outside of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
voluntary
driven by skeletal muscle
motor nerves travels from spinal cord to skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary
driven by glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Term
| parasympathetic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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Definition
is the middle part of the spinal cord and sympatheic is the ends thus the "para" part.
slows down heart rate, and makes other organs more sensitive |
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Term
| sympathetic%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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Definition
| deals with the top and bottom part of the spinal cord, releases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
multiply throughout life
help repair cells
protects nervous system
glial cells
phagocytes (eat harmful sub)
ex. schwann cells in PNS and astrocytes in CNS
usually cause brain tumors |
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Term
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Definition
stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cells
epinephrine-adrenaline
norepinephrine -noradrenaline
acetylcholine-neuromuscular junction |
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Term
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Definition
ends at L1 and L2, it breaks off called cauda equina
gray matter=unmylinated tissue
white matter=mylinated tissue
white matter surrounds grey matter |
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Term
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Definition
afferent- sensory
enters through dorsal horn |
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Term
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Definition
efferent- motor
motor leaves through ventral horn |
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Term
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Definition
receptor-detects stimulus
afferent neuron- tansmits impules to CNS
CNS- interprets and org response
efferent neuron- transmits impulses from CNS to PNS
effector- response unit/muscle or gland |
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Term
| what reflex does not involve the brain? |
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Definition
stretch reflex and spinal reflex
receptor-sensory neuron-dorsal horn- interneuron-ventral horn-motor neuron-effector |
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Term
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Definition
31 pairs
attached to spinal cord by 2 roots
dorsal root- sensory
ventral root- motor
all spinal nerves are mixed-sensory and motor |
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Term
| four plexuses in the body |
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Definition
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral |
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Term
| cervical plexus sensory impulses from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| cervical plexus motor impulses to |
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Definition
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Term
| cervical plexus contains cranial nerves? |
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Definition
XI and XII
accessory and hypoglosseal |
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Term
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Definition
| shoulder and upper extremity |
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Term
| root nerves of brachial plexus |
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Definition
dorsal scapular C5
long thoracic C5-7 |
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Term
| superficial nerve branches of cervical plexus |
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Definition
lesser occipital C2-3
greater auricular C2-3
transverse cervical c2-4
supraclavicular c3-4 |
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Term
| brachial plexus trunk nerves |
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Definition
subclavius c5-6
suprascapluar c5-6 |
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Term
| brachial plexus posterior cord nerves |
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Definition
upper subscap c5-6
thoracodorsal c6-8
lower subscap c5-c6
axillary c5-6
radial c5-t1 |
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Term
| brachial plexus medial cord nerves |
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Definition
medial pectoral c8-t1
medial brachial cutaneous c8-t1
medial antebrachial cutaneous c8-t1
median(middle head) c5-c7
ulnar c8-t1 |
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Term
| brachial plexus lateral cord nerves |
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Definition
musculocutaneous c5-c7
median (lat head) c5-c7
lat pectoral c5-c7 |
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Term
| lumbar plexus functions what |
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Definition
supplies anterolateral abd wall external genitalia and part of the lower extremity
L1-4 |
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Term
| largest nerve in the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| buttocks perineum and lower extremity L4-S4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glands, smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels and cardiac muscle
things you're not conscious of |
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Term
| SNS response and function |
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Definition
flight or flight stress response
increase rate and force of heart contract
increase bp
increase basal metabolic rate
decrease urinary and digestive sys
dilates pupils bronchial tubes and skeletal blood vessels |
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Term
| PNS response and function |
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Definition
| anti flight or fight response |
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Term
| four categories of cranial nerve info |
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Definition
special sensory
general sensory
somatic motor
visceral motor |
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Term
| special sensory cranial nerves |
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Definition
| smell (I) taste(VII) hearing(VIII) and vision (II) |
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Term
| general sensory cranial nerves |
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Definition
| pain touch temp, pressure, vibration and deep muscle cont |
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Term
| somatic motor cranial nerves |
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Definition
| voluntary control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| visceral motor cranial nerves |
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Definition
| involuntary control or cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, and PNS |
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Term
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Definition
cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum |
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Term
| what part of the brain is the biggest and has 5 paired lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| diencephalon is located between ____ and contains what? |
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Definition
cerebrum and brainstem
contains thalamus and hypothal |
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Term
| three parts of the brainstem |
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Definition
midbrain- vision and hearing III and IV
pons-respiration, myelinated, V to VIII
medula oblongata vital functions IX XII |
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Term
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Definition
coordinates voluntary muscles
balance and muscle tone
outer covering gray matter
inner area white |
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Term
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Definition
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula |
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Term
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Definition
primary motor control
speech center
conscious of skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
primary sensory
temp interpretation
distance size shape interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory centers and olfactory |
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Term
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Definition
vision and coordination of eye movements
visual and receiving areas
read with understanding |
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Term
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Definition
memory
deep withing each hemisphere
integration of other cerebral act. |
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Term
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Definition
masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies
located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum
function to control voluntary movements
secrete dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
outer 2 to 4mm covering cerebrum
conscious thought, memory, reasoning and abstract mental thoughts
voluntary actions |
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Term
| folds in the cerebral cortex are called __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| elevated folds in the cerebral cortex are called __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| depressed grooves in the cerebral cortex are called __________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| left hem of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
language frontal lobe in cerebral cortex
motor aphasia- people can comprehend speech perfectly but cannot speak unimparied |
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Term
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Definition
speech comprehension center temporal lobe
aphasia- can speak perfectly but are unable to comprehend speech |
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Term
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Definition
sweet-tip of tongue
salty-ant sides
sour-laterally
bitter-posterior |
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Term
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Definition
enocardium-smooth epithelial cells
myocardium-cardiac muscle.involuntary
epicardium-visceral layer of the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| flow chart of blood through the heart |
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Definition
| superior vena cava-right atrium(tricuspid valve)right ventricle (pulmonic valve)pulmonary artery-lungs-left atrium(mitral bicuspid valve) left ventrical(aortic valve)aortic arch then inferior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
first sound
av closes and blood vibration makes sound thus its longer low pitched sound, start of ventricular systole |
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Term
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Definition
second sound
semilunar valves closing
shorter sharper sound
ventricular relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intenstine(duodenum-jejunum-ileum)-large intestine(cecum-ascending colon-transverse colon-descending colon-sigmoid colon-rectum-anal canal)-anus |
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Term
| another word for swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where is the liver and what are its two blood suppliers |
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Definition
found in upper right quadrant of ab
portal vein
hepatic artery |
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Term
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Definition
manufactures bile
stores vit and iron
modifies fats
destroys rbc's
synthesizes urea
detoxifies body |
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Term
| where is the gallbladder and what is its function |
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Definition
inferior surface of liver
stores bile |
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Term
| pancreas extends from what to what and produces what? |
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Definition
duodenum to spleen
enzymes to digest cars proteins fats and nucleic acid |
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Term
| four parts of urinary system |
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Definition
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra |
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Term
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Definition
form urine
remove waste from blood
balance body fluid
regulates ph of body fluids
regulates rbc production(erythropoietin) |
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Term
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Definition
| tubes that transport urine from kidneys to urinary blader |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transports urine from bladder to outside |
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