Atropine (anticholinergic)

Midazolam (benzodiazepine tranquilizer)

Butorphanol (opioid/analgesic)

Propofol (induction)

Isoflurane (gas inhalent)

1. Has a short onset and duration

2. Can cross the placental barrier

Duration 5 minutes pre-induction. 

We give to prevent hypoxia and poor tissue perfusion due to pressure on the diaphragm

1. rub vigorously with a towel

2. place 1 drop of doxapram under the tongue to initiate a breath and increase respiration

opioids-naloxone

benzodiazepines-flumazenil

alpha 2s- yohimbine for most

1.power setting

2. spot size/tissue area

3. tip to tissue distance

4. hand speed

1. spay

2. neuter

3. cat declaw

4. mass removal

1. cauterizes the vessels and causes hemostasis

2. should be less painful/traumatic to tissues if done properly, esp. w/ declaws

1. cost-very expensive

2.steep learning curve, can do more damage than good if not done properly.

1. protect the skin, don't scrub w/ alcohol, use saline instead

2. protect your eyes, wear safety glasses

3. protect yourself from fumes. use a plume scavenger and face mask

4. prevent fire hazzard- wet down flammable objects (i.e. ET tube)and beware laser near O2 tanks

Lidocaine- 15 min. onset

4-6 hour duration

Bupivicaine- less than 5 min. onset

1-2 hour duration

Mode of Action- lidocaine topical absorption, fentanyl systemic transdermal absorption

Application- lidocaine must be applied near site of pain for local analgesia, fentanyl can be applied anywhere, because drugs are released systemically

cost- lidocaine is cheaper

Fentanyl is a controlled drug, lidocaine is not

Opioids are good, potent somatic and visceral analgesics, w/ mild sedation

i.e.

morphine- pure mu agonist

oxymorphone-pure mu agonist

hydromorphone- pure mu agonist

fentanyl- pure mu agonist

buprenorphine-partial mu agonist

butorphanol-mu antagonist, kappa agonist

xylazine (horses usually)

dexmedetomidine

medetomidine

detomidine (horses only)

ramifidine (horses only)

xylazine- cats

apomorphine-dogs

carprofen- injectable or oral

meloxicam- injectable or oral

etodolac-oral

deracoxib-oral

tepoxalin-oral

firocoxib (Previcox)-oral

Oral meloxicam, though some vets may continue to use it off label

buprenorphine is the only approved alternative.

anticholinergics (atropine and glyco)

Phenothiazines (acepromazine)

benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam, etc.)

propofol

gas inhalents

lidocaine, bupivicaine, or mepivicaine (horses)

block the radial, ulnar and and median metacarpal nerves

See overall leukocytosis

neutrophilia

lymphopenia

eosinopenia

monocytosis

Will see significant increase in cortisol levels in chronic stress. 

Increased glucose levels

increased platelets

increased RBCs

Increased cortisol

BP=HR X SV X TPR

CO=HR X SV, so...

BP=CO X TPR

1. gross, purposeful, spontaneous movement

2. reflex movement,less reflex present, deeper they are

3. transient hemodynamic- increase or decrease in HR or Respiration (minus surgical stimulation)

1. Vaporizer setting history

2. muscle tone

3. palpebral reflex

4. pupillary response

5. tear production, very dry=very deep

6. eyeball position

1. HR alone

2. Resp. rate alone

3. BP

1. pupil size

2. shivering in response to hypothermia

1. may vocalize

2. may not eat

3. may favor the affected area or hide

1.Determine paper speed

2. count 5 large blocks to equal 1 second

3. count the number of complete complexes in 10 (5 block) spaces

4. Multiply that number by 6

i.e. paper speed is 25 mm/sec. you count 6 complexes in 10 seconds. Multipy that by 6 and get 36 BPM.

True or Fals

Normal pulses= Normotension

1. monitoring geriatrics

2. monitoring patients on cardiac meds

1. oscillometry

2.doppler

Tendency to underestimate systolic, usually a better reflection of MAP

Poor representation of diastolic BP

<100 readings consider MAP

>100 readings consider systolic

1. ventricular tachycardia- a bunch of VPCs in succesion

2. Ventricular Fibrillation- low amplitude chaotic electrical activity

3. asystole-flat line- no electrical or mechanical activity-DEATH

metacarpal palmar artery

metatarsal dorsal artery

1. CO2 absorber, whether a leak or expired soda lime

2. A communication between the inhalation and exhalation tubes in an F circuit causing the patient to rebreathe excess CO2

dog-35-45 mmHG

cat- 30-40 mmhg

1. hypoventilation

2. fresh gas flow too low

3. malignant hyperthermia

4. problem w/breathing circuit

1. Hyperventilation

2.hypothermia

3. apnea

4. asthma

MAP: >70 mmHG

ETCO2: 35-45 mmHG

InCO2: 0-8 mmHG

PaCO2: 38-38 mmHG

SpO2: >95%

PaO2: >110 mmHG

drugs like opioids and inhalants

recumbancy

head down position

lung pathology

1. elective for a patient that is very difficult to keep at a steady rate

2. open chest surgeries

spontaneous=every 5 mins

controlled=every 15 mins

60 cycle interference- electrical 

wandering baseline-result of panting or purring

patient movement, etc.

Mobitz type 1 will gradually extend time between complexes, until a beat is skipped entirely andthen it resets

Mobitz Type 2 has a consistant rhythm, then randomly drops a beat and resets-more dangerous and more related to pathology