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supraspinal
supraspinal notes
147
Anatomy
Graduate
10/01/2014

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Term
What are the cerebral cortex's key functions for motor control?
Definition
relay motor commands to the spinal cord; modify motor commands; modify incoming sensory signals; integrate sensory and motor information; change output gain; provide preparatory set for movement
Term
how does the cerebral cortex relay motor commands to the spinal cords?
Definition
through descending motor neurons and interneurons
Term
how does the cerebral cortex modify motor commands?
Definition
Long loop responses that connect the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia allow the cortex to modify motor commands
Term
what is an example of the use of a long loop response
Definition
automatic postural response to maintain postural sability
Term
how does the cerebral cortex modify incoming sensory signals
Definition
The cerebral cortex downregulates sensory information via descending pathways that synapse on sensory parts of spinal cord to suppress and inhibit the continuation of sensory signals to higher levels
Term
how does the cerebral corex change output gain
Definition
the cerebral cortex afffects descending pathways that synapse on motor structures to dtermine how likely it is for them to produce an action potential
Term
what happens if your cerebral cortex and cerebellum are not functioning properly?
Definition
you can't have smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement
Term
what are the 4 inputs to the cerebral cortex?
Definition
thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord
Term
how are Brodmann's areas determined?
Definition
cytoarchitecture and functional differences
Term
What is Brodmann's Area 4
Definition
Primary Motor Cortex
Term
What is Brodmann's Area 17?
Definition
Primary Visual Cortex
Term
What are Brodmman's Areas 17, 18?
Definition
Visual Processing
Term
What are Brodmann's Areas 44, 45
Definition
Broca's area
Term
What is the function of broca's area
Definition
expressive speech. Someone with a lesion here will have non-fluent aphasia.
Term
what is Brodmann's 22
Definition
Wernicke's
Term
what is the function of wernicke's
Definition
receptive speech. Someone with a lesion here will have fluency where they're saying words, but the words won't make a lot of sense, and they won't realize it
Term
what are Brodmann's Areas 41, 42
Definition
primary auditory cortex
Term
what are Brodmann's areas 3, 1, 2
Definition
primary somatic sensory cortex
Term
what are brodmann's areas 5,7
Definition
sensory association and integration
Term
what is brodmann's area 6 lateral
Definition
lateral premotor cortex
Term
what is brodmann's 6 dorsal-medial
Definition
supplementary motor area
Term
where are brodmann's areas 10, 11, 47, 46, 9 located?
Definition
prefrontal cortex
Term
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
Definition
executive function, judgment, planning, emotion, cognition, decision-making
Term
what is the outermost layer of the brain called
Definition
molecular layer
Term
what is layer 2 of the cortex called
Definition
external granular layer
Term
what is layer 3 of the cerebral cortex called
Definition
external pyramidal layer
Term
what is distinguishing about the external pyramidal layer of the cortex?
Definition
it has small pyramidal neurons (they look like pyramids)
Term
what is the function of the first 3 layers of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
they create output to other cortical regions.
Term
what is the direction of the axons in the first 3 layers of the cerebral cortex
Definition
horizontal/side to side to other parts of the cortex
Term
what is the name of the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex
Definition
internal granular layer
Term
what does the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex do
Definition
receives most of the afferent input from the thalamus
Term
what 2 important brain regions send info to the thalamus that then goes to the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
basal ganglia, cerebellum
Term
what is the name of the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex
Definition
internal pyramidal layer
Term
what is the function of the internal pyramidal layer
Definition
this is where the corticospinal tract is located
Term
what is the corticospinal tract
Definition
the output fromt he cerebral cortex to the thalamus and brainstem
Term
what is the name of the 6th layer of the cerebral cortex
Definition
multiform layer
Term
what is special about the multiform layer of the cerebral cortex
Definition
it has pyramidal cells that project back to the thalamus
Term
what is the mnemonic for the names of the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex
Definition
MGPGPM: miles per gallon is gallon per miles
Term
where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?
Definition
in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Term
what are the Brodmann's areas that make up the primary somatic sensory cortex?
Definition
3, 1, 2
Term
to where does the primary somatic sensory cortex project?
Definition
to the secondary sensory cortex and to areas 5 and 7
Term
what happens in the primary somatic sensory cortex?
Definition
you're just esnsing. You feel the feeling. You're not putting together patterns such as location.
Term
what is the somatotpic organization of the primary somatic sensory cortex?
Definition
there is a sensory homunculus in each of the 4 areas: 3a, 3b, 1, 2
Term
what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 3a?
Definition
muscle spindles
Term
what do muscle spindles detect
Definition
muscle stretch
Term
what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 3b?
Definition
fast and slowcutaneous receptors
Term
what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 2?
Definition
deep pressure receptors
Term
what is the dominant somatosensory input to SMI area 1?
Definition
rapidly adapting cutaneous receptors
Term
how are the spatial characteristics of a stimulus noted in the SMI?
Definition
the discharge of neurons in the SM1 is related to the sensation and its somatotopic location. That is why the monkey's brain shows the k
Term
what part of the brain is important for multisensory processing?
Definition
brodmann's areas 5 and 7 = somatosensory association cortex
Term
where is the somatosensory association cortex?
Definition
in the superior parietal lobe
Term
what part of the brain helps us determine where we are in space and what is part of us and what isn't?
Definition
somatosensory association cortex = Brodmann's areas 5 and 7
Term
what is the f unction of Brodmann's areas 39 and 40?
Definition
interpretation of sensory information, body image
Term
where are Brodmann's areas 39 and 40?
Definition
inferior parietal lobe
Term
with graphesthesia, which brodmann's areas sense the timing and the pattern of the sensation?
Definition
3,1,2
Term
with graphesthesia, which brodmann's areas integrate what's going together to identify the number or letter being traced?
Definition
5, 7
Term
what is a sensory deficit?
Definition
you can't detect the basic input
Term
what is an impaired body image/body schema?
Definition
not knowing whether it's your body part or where it is in space
Term
what is a spatial relations deficit?
Definition
can't determien where your body is inrelation to other things
Term
what is tactile agnosia?
Definition
can't recognize the way something feels
Term
what is prosopagnosia
Definition
can't recognize faces
Term
what is apraxia
Definition
motor planning problem: cant' figure out how to make their body do what you're asking them to do.
Term
is sensation necessary for movement?
Definition
no
Term
is sensation necessary for learning?
Definition
yes
Term
where is the primary motor cortex located?
Definition
in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
Term
what is the Brodmann's area of the primary motor cortex
Definition
4
Term
what projects to the primary motor cortex?
Definition
supplementary motor area, premotor cortex
Term
what molecular layer is missing in the primary motor cortex?
Definition
layer 4: internal granular layer
Term
why is the primary motor cortex missing layer 4?
Definition
layer 4 brings input from the thalamus, and the primary motor cortex doesn't get input from the thalamus
Term
what is the brodmann's area fo the supplementary motor area
Definition
area 6 medially
Term
what is the brodmann's area for the premotor cortex
Definition
area 6 laterally
Term
is there a motor homonculus?
Definition
yes
Term
what areas make up the motor cortex?
Definition
premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex
Term
what are the inputs to the motor cortex?
Definition
periphery via thalamus and sensory cortex, cerebellum via thalamus, basal ganglia via thalamus
Term
what are the outputs from the motor cortex?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
what is the major descending pathway from the motor cortex?
Definition
corticospinal tract
Term
what are the brainstem nuclei that receive from the motor cortex and proejct to the psinal cord?
Definition
vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal
Term
how does information get from the motor cortex to the cerebellum?
Definition
through the pons
Term
what are the more dorsolateral motor descendign pathways that control distal muscles?
Definition
corticospinal, rubrospinal
Term
what are the more ventromedial descending pathways that control proximal muscles?
Definition
reticulospinal, vestibulospinal
Term
what happens to the corticospinal pathway in the medulla?
Definition
90% of the fibers cross to the other side to from the lateral corticospinal pathway while the other 10% continue down into the psinal cord as the anterior corticospinal tract
Term
what does a single corticospinal neuron in the spinal cord look like?
Definition
a single corticospinal enuron can branch to affect a lot of different parts/levels of the psinal cord. The neuron goes to multiple places to create coordinated, smooth movements.
Term
what is the job of the ventromedial group of the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways?
Definition
extensory proximal muscle innervation for posture, to keep us upright
Term
what is the job of the dorsolateral group of the corticospinal and rubrospinal pathwas
Definition
used for distal flexor muscle innervation: fine motor control
Term
what happens if you get lesions of the motor cortex?
Definition
weakness, loss of fine motor control, problems with force control and complex movements
Term
what happens if you get lesions of the premotor cortex?
Definition
proximal weakness, difficulty with sensory guidance of limb movements (apraxia), decreased bilateral coordination
Term
what happens if you get lesions to the supplementary motor area?
Definition
difficultywith motor programming and sequecning, decreased corodinatino of posture and movement
Term
how can you help someone who has a lesion to the supplementary motor area resulting in impaired motor programming and sequencing?
Definition
provide more sensory guidance: marks on the floor, auditory cues to help them move
Term
to what structure does the cerebellum have a connection that the basal ganglia does not have?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
what are the functions of the cerebellum
Definition
Involved in programming/planning voluntary movements; Coordinates movement; Compares intended and actual movement and corrects for differences; Involved in equilibrium and gait; Involved in motor learning
Term
what parts of the brain are involved in planning and programming movement?
Definition
sensory association cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor cortex
Term
what parts of the brain are involved in executing movement?
Definition
motor cortex, cerebellum
Term
what part of the cerebellum helps to plan and program movement
Definition
lateral cerebrocerebellum
Term
what part of the cerebellum helps to execute movement
Definition
spinocerebellum
Term
how is the cerebellum a comparator?
Definition
the motor cortex sends an efferent copy of the motor plan from the cortex to the cerebellum. The periphery sends feedback to cerebellum about what happened.
Term
what is the medial part of the cerebellum?
Definition
vermis
Term
where are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum located?
Definition
deep inside the cerebellar hemispheres
Term
what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum
Definition
molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granular layer
Term
what is found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum?
Definition
parallel fibers
Term
what are parallel fibers
Definition
axons from the granule cells that run parallel to each other in the molecular layer
Term
what is the function of the parallel fibers
Definition
parallel fibers send excitatory input to the dendrites of a purkinje cell
Term
what are the major afferent connections to the cerebellum?
Definition
somatosensory and visual inputs from the periphery, brainstem, cerebral cortex
Term
what are mossy fibers?
Definition
afferent axons that come into the cerebellary cortex from the brainstem nuclei and the spinal cord
Term
what are climbing fibers
Definition
afferent axons that come into the cerebellar cortex from the inferior olive
Term
to where do mossy and climbing fibers project?
Definition
to the purkinje cells
Term
are purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory
Definition
inhibitory
Term
beside purkinje cells, where else do climbing and mossy fibers synapse?
Definition
deep ceerebellar nuclei AND neurons in the cerebellar cortex
Term
what are the major efferent connections of the cerebellum?
Definition
all major descending pathways; cerebral cortex (via thalamus)
Term
to which deep cerebellar nuclei does the vermis project?
Definition
fastigial
Term
to which deep cerebellar nuclei does the paramedian portion of the cerebellum project?
Definition
interposed
Term
to where does the vestibulocerebellum project?
Definition
fastigial nucleus and vestibular nuclei
Term
what part of the cerebellum projects to the dentate nucleus?
Definition
cerebrocerebellum
Term
what are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum
Definition
eye movements and body equilibrium during stance and gait
Term
what are the functions of the spinocerebellum
Definition
ongoing execution of limb movement, regulation of muscle tone
Term
what are the ufnctions of the neocerebellum?
Definition
movement planning and initiation, motor learning
Term
what does the cerebellum need to optimize movement?
Definition
sensory information
Term
what are the 3 major tasks of the cerebellum
Definition
learning new motor sequences, improving performance of motor tasks, visuomotor coordination
Term
through what pathway does sensory information reach the cerebellum?
Definition
spinocerebellar pathway
Term
what is explicit learning
Definition
learning in which you follow given directions
Term
what is implicit learning?
Definition
trial and error learning, like riding a bike. Nobody can tell you exactly how to move your body to ride a bike
Term
where in the brain does explicit learning occur?
Definition
cortical medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, diencephalon, thalamus
Term
what is decomposition of movement?
Definition
breaking movement down so that you only move one joint at a time
Term
will you need your cerebellum to correctly perofrm a new, visually guided reaching movement?
Definition
yes
Term
what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion of the vestibulocerebellum
Definition
inability to stand or sit without swaying or falling (truncal ataxia); abnormal head and eye movements (nystagmus)
Term
what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion to the spinocerebellum
Definition
unsteady walking, staggering (gait ataxia); hypotonia; intention tremor
Term
what are the deficits seen in a person with a lesion to the neocerebelum
Definition
irrgular limb movements (limb ataxia); loss of muscle coordination: difficulty initating movement, dysmetria, decomposition of movement
Term
what is dysmetira
Definition
inaccurate range and direction of movement
Term
are the spinal cord, brain stem, and cortical motor areas organized hierarchically or in parallel?
Definition
both
Term
what is the ultimate purpose of the premotor cortical areas
Definition
prepare the motor systems for movement
Term
what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum?
Definition
vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
Term
what is another name or the cerebrocerebellum
Definition
neocerebellum
Term
does the cerebellum participate in motor learning
Definition
yes
Term
what are the 3 major anatomical components of the cerebellum?
Definition
cortex, deep nuclei, cerebellar peduncles
Term
what type of fibers carry input to the cerebellum from the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and vestibular nuclei?
Definition
mossy fibers
Term
what are folia
Definition
the folds of the cerebellum; increase surface area
Term
what are the 2 parts of the spinocerebellum?
Definition
vermus (median) and paramedian portions
Term
what are the 2 parts of the vestibulocerebellum
Definition
flocculus and nodulus
Term
where is the cerebrocerebellum in relation to the spinocerebellum?
Definition
cerebroocerebellum is lateral to and surrounding the spinocerebellum
Term
what determines the functional subdivision of the cerebellum?
Definition
their source of input
Term
what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum
Definition
movement planning and learning; skilled movements
Term
what is the function of the vestibulocerebellm
Definition
posture, equilibirum, eye movement
Term
what is the function of the vermis in the spinocerebellum
Definition
proximal muscle movements, eye movements
Term
what is the function of the paramedian region of the spinocerebellum
Definition
distal limb muscle movements
Term
describe the somatotopicmap of the body on the cerebellum
Definition
in the spinocerebellum: upiside down proximally and then right side up distally (fractionated, not a continuous map)
Term
what part of the cerebellum provides input to the deep cerebellar nuclei?
Definition
purkinje cells
Term
what do the deep nuclei do?
Definition
house the neurons that give rise to the major excitatory output pathways from the cerebellum
Term
what are the 2 nuceli in the interposed nuclei?
Definition
globose, embiliform
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