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Superficial Heat/Cold
superficial heat/cold ppt and handout notes
221
Anatomy
Graduate
03/27/2012

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Term
what are the 3 basic functions of integumentary system
Definition
protection, thermoregulation, sensation
Term
what is the basic integumentary structure
Definition
layer of epithelial cells overlying a mesh of connective tissue
Term
what are the 2 principle parts of the integumentary system
Definition
epidermis, dermis
Term
what is the average skin thickness of thin skin
Definition
.04-.12mm
Term
what is the average skin thickness of thick skin
Definition
1.4-2mm
Term
where on your body is the skin 2mm thick?
Definition
bottom of your heel
Term
what surfaces tend to be thin skinned?
Definition
flexor surfaces
Term
what is the bottom layer of the epidermis
Definition
stratum basal
Term
what is the purpose of the basal stratum
Definition
generates cells. Cells divide and push toward outer layers of skin
Term
how many layers of cells are in the basal stratum
Definition
1
Term
what do basal cells become once they divde and push out
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
how many cell layers in the stratum spinosum
Definition
multiple
Term
what is the cytoplasmia spinea
Definition
spiny projections in the stratum spinosum
Term
what are the cells in the stratum spinosum
Definition
Langerhans cells
Term
what is the shape of Langerhans cells
Definition
star-shaped
Term
what connects Langerhans cells
Definition
desmosomal connectors
Term
what is special about desmosomal connectors
Definition
have some antibacterial properties to prevent infection
Term
what is the next outer layer after stratum spinosum
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
how many cell layers in the stratum granulosum
Definition
3-5 layers
Term
what are cells like in stratum granulosum
Definition
flat
Term
what happens to cells in stratum granulosum
Definition
cells die and are filled with keratin
Term
what are the granules in the stratum granulosum
Definition
keratin granules
Term
what is keratin good for
Definition
water proofing
Term
what is the next outer layer after stratum granulusm
Definition
stratum lucidum
Term
how many layers of cells are in the stratum lucidum
Definition
3-5 layers
Term
what is special about stratum lucidum
Definition
translucent
Term
what is the outermost layer in the epidermis
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
what is the stratum corneum composed of
Definition
fully keratinized flat, dead cells
Term
what is desquamation
Definition
sloughing off of cells
Term
what are melanocytes
Definition
cells that contain melanin
Term
what do melanocytes do
Definition
give your skin color and also protect you from UV radiation
Term
what has happened when you get a tan
Definition
cell damage
Term
in what layer are melanocytes and into which layer do the project
Definition
melanocytes are in the basal layer and project into the spinosum
Term
generally, what do cells do on their transit to the outermost layer of the epidermis?
Definition
die, become waterproof
Term
what are the 2 layers of the dermis
Definition
papillary, reticular
Term
where is the papillary layer
Definition
below the epidermis
Term
what is the papillary layer composed of
Definition
loose connective tissue
Term
where is the reticular layer
Definition
deep to the papillary layer
Term
what is the reticular layer composed of
Definition
dense connective tissue with thicker collagen, fewer cells, more fibers
Term
where does scar tissue form
Definition
reticular layer
Term
where do free nerve endings sit and to where do they project?
Definition
free nerve endings sit right underneath papillary layer and project into papillary layer
Term
what important things are in the dermis
Definition
vasculature, free nerve endings
Term
does the epidermis have vasculature?
Definition
no
Term
how is the epidermis fed?
Definition
by diffusion
Term
where does most surface bleeding come from
Definition
reticular layer of dermis
Term
what is the supportive layer of the skin
Definition
hypodermis
Term
what is the hypodermis composed of?
Definition
layer of adipose tissue and layer of dense irregular connective tissue/superficial fascia
Term
what is the hypodermis a conduit for?
Definition
infection
Term
what are the 2 types of sweat glands
Definition
eccrine, apocrine
Term
what do apocrine glands respond to
Definition
stress
Term
where are apocrine glands located
Definition
axillary and genital regions
Term
where are eccrine glands located
Definition
distributed throughout; many on soles, palms
Term
what do sebaceous glands produce
Definition
sebum
Term
in thermal situations, what leads to a faster transfer rate (of temperature)?
Definition
greater temperature difference
Term
what materials transfer temperature difference at a faster rate
Definition
high thermal conductive materials
Term
in thermal situations, what increases the total transfer?
Definition
greater area of contact
Term
how does skin thickness affect rate of temperature change
Definition
rate of temperature change decreases in proportion to skin thickness
Term
what is a high thermal conductive material?
Definition
metal
Term
how does a large area of contact affect total transfer
Definition
increases
Term
how does a large temperature difference affect transfer rate of heat
Definition
increases
Term
how does increased skin thickness affect transfer rate
Definition
decreases
Term
define conduction
Definition
thermal transfer by physical contact between 2 substances
Term
define convection
Definition
thermal transfer by movement of medium around and in contact with the substance
Term
define radiation
Definition
thermal transfer by transfer of energy from high to low without contact
Term
define evaporation
Definition
drying process of sweat/exhalation, which changes temperature
Term
putting icepacks or coldpacks on someone is an example of what kind of thermal transfer mode?
Definition
conduction
Term
whirlpools, spinning beer in wate are examples of what kind of thermal transfer mode?
Definition
convection
Term
how should humidity be for evaporation to work at cooling?
Definition
low
Term
define consensual transfer
Definition
cooling one area of the body in order to cool another area
Term
what body system is used in consensual transfer
Definition
circulatory
Term
how can you use consensual cooling to cool a swollen knee that is covered in bandages?
Definition
put the icepack on the femoral artery so that blood is cooled as it goes into knee
Term
define conversion
Definition
taking one form of energy and turning it into another
Term
what is an example of conversion
Definition
ultrasound converts sound energy into thermal energy
Term
what happens when you raise the temperature?
Definition
inflammatory response
Term
why does increasing the temperature increase the inflammatory response
Definition
because of increase in histamine, prostaglandin release
Term
what are histamine and prostaglandins (what do they do?)
Definition
vasodilators
Term
what is the reflex loop caused by increase in temperature?
Definition
activation of cutaneous receptors sends signals into the spinal cord dorsal root ganglion, leading to a reduction in sympathetic activity. Decreasing sympathetic activity causes vasodilation.
Term
what is another result of increased temperature to activate cutaneous thermoreceptors/
Definition
smooth muscle relaxation
Term
what happens to blood when you cool it/the area that it's in
Definition
it becomes more viscous
Term
how does decreasing temperature affect the inflammatory reaction that leads to histamine and prostaglandin release?
Definition
decreases
Term
what is the result in a decrease in the inflammatory reaction
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
what is the reflex loop caused by decrease in temperature
Definition
activation of cutaneous receptors sends signals into the spinal cord dorsal root ganglion leading to an increase in sympathetic activity. Increasing sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction.
Term
what is another result of decreased temperature to activate cutaneous thermoreceptors
Definition
smooth muscle contraciton
Term
what is the result of smooth muscle contraction
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
what is the result of vasoconstriction
Definition
decreased bloodflow
Term
is there typically more or less oxygen saturation in venous blood
Definition
less
Term
what is the internal body temp
Definition
37C
Term
if I warm up a body part to 43C, how is oxygen dissocation changed
Definition
increases. Shifts oxygen disocation curve to the right because there is greater partial pressure of oxygen and less %saturation in the blood. Oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is more available to the body.
Term
if I cool down a part of the body, how is oxygen dissociation affected
Definition
shifts oxygen dissocation curve to the left. There is less oxygen that can come out of the arterial system into the tissue.
Term
why do you put cold on someone with inflammatio
Definition
to limit damage by shutting down metabolism for a while
Term
when to use cold
Definition
acute inflammatory stages
Term
what is secondary hypoxic injury
Definition
cells die because oxygen can't reach them through swelling
Term
why can cold interfere with healing in later stages
Definition
cold continues to suppress metabolic response and healing cells might not be as active as they should be
Term
how does heat affect metabolism
Definition
heat increases metabolism
Term
when to use heat
Definition
later stages of healing
Term
what does heat do
Definition
increase oxygen uptake, increase enzymatic/metabolic response
Term
why is heat bad for acute injury
Definition
can create more fluid, leading to secondary hypoxic injury
Term
what are neuromuscular effects of cold
Definition
decreased NCV, decreased pain, decreased spasticity, increased pain threshold, altered muscle strength, facilitates muscle contraction
Term
why does cold decrease spasticity
Definition
because it decreases action potentials
Term
what are neuromuscular effects of heat
Definition
increased NCV, decreased latency, muscle relaxation, decreased pain, strength changes
Term
what strength changes occur with heat
Definition
decreased for 30 minutes after, recovers over 2 hours, then increases
Term
what causes muscles to relax with heat application?
Definition
decreases Type II afferents and gamma efferents going to muscle spindle, increases golgi tendon organ, decreased activity on the motor nerve
Term
how does heat decrease pain
Definition
activation of thermal receptors in the skin compete with pain receptors and close the gate (gate theory)
Term
how does cold application affect strength
Definition
strength decreases for about half an hour, recovers over 2 hours, then increases
Term
what does CIVD stand for
Definition
cold induced vasodilation
Term
what is the lowest temperature you should allow a tissue to get?
Definition
10C/50F
Term
what conditions can occur if tissue gets below 10C
Definition
Hunting response, CIVD
Term
what is Hunting response
Definition
The tissue thinks it's being frozen. The response of the tissue getting too cold too fast is to increase blood flow into the area.This increases the temperature so that the response shuts off. Then, the temperature drops again and the response recurs.
Term
does Hunting response show up in everyone all the time?
Definition
no
Term
what is CIVD
Definition
response to cold that causes massive increase in bloodflow to the point that you can see a measurable increase in the fluid volume/lymph.
Term
what causes CIVD
Definition
getting the part too cold too quickly or keeping cold on for too long.
Term
what will happen if you cool a temperature at 10C/50F for 30 minutes?
Definition
volume increase from cold induced vasodilation
Term
what will happen if you cool a temperature at 1C for 15 minutes?
Definition
volume increase from cold induced vasodilation
Term
what is the highest possible temperature to which you should heat a body part
Definition
45C
Term
what is the direction of thermal flow
Definition
hot to cold
Term
what are local responses to temperature change
Definition
healing in treated area, consensual change, contralateral change
Term
what are contralateral changes
Definition
heating/cooling one side of the body will heat/cool other side of body
Term
what are full body systemic responses to temperature change
Definition
changes in full body temp; changes in heart rate/BP/breathing
Term
how does sitting in a hot tub affect blood pressure
Definition
The water is warmer than you are. You start to heat up inside. Your body tries to cool you down. Blood that is normally in your internal organs moves out to the skin. All the blood being out in your skin reduces blood pressure. Heart responds by pumping faster to try to bring blood out of periphery when you try to stand
Term
how do you safely exit a hot tub
Definition
sit on edge first to allow bp to readjust
Term
what is the longest time frame you can use for cold packs
Definition
30 minutes
Term
why do you have to use an insulator with a hotpack
Definition
if you put a hotpack directly on someone's skin, you'll burn them
Term
what is paraffin
Definition
oil + wax
Term
why can you use a higher temperature of paraffin than water?
Definition
oil gives up temperature more slowly than water
Term
describe fluidotherapy
Definition
unit contains chopped cellulose. Heater and blower pushes hot air into cellulose. Cellulose moves and feels like water to submerged bodypart. High temperature application of an agitated substance
Term
what are contrast baths used for
Definition
exercise the vascular system
Term
time frame for contrast baths
Definition
4 min warm, 1 min cold. Repeat cycle 4-5 times for 20-25 min total
Term
what temp for cold in contrast baths
Definition
50-55F
Term
what temp for warm in contrast baths
Definition
105F
Term
when to use contrast baths
Definition
for swelling that isn't getting better
Term
why are contrast baths hard to do at hom
Definition
hard to keep temperatures right
Term
describe infrared radiation used as clinical heat source
Definition
infrared lamp to warm an area. Not used because hotpacks are easier
Term
what are indications for using heat
Definition
pain control, to increase ROM, to decrease joint stiffness, to accelerate healing, for dermal wounds
Term
how do you heat dermal wounds
Definition
infrared
Term
what are contraindications for heat
Definition
acute injury/inflammation, hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis, impaired sensation, impaired mentation, malignancy
Term
why is heat contraindicated for acute injury/inflammation
Definition
if you apply heat too early in the inflammatory phase, you will increase bloodflow in an area that is already swollen, leading to secondary hypoxia. You'll also increase metabolism and make more cells that want oxygen but can't get it
Term
why is hemorrhage a contraindication for heat
Definition
if you have blood vessels that are healing and you draw in more blood, you'll increase pressure on them and cause breaks
Term
why is thrombophlebitis a contraindication for heat
Definition
potentia DVTs: if you increase blood flow too much, you can loosen/break a clot
Term
what are precautions for superficial heat applications
Definition
pregnancy, poor thermal regulation, edema, cardiac insufficiency, superficial metal, open wounds, topical counter-irritants
Term
describe heat precautions for pregnancy
Definition
ok to use superficial heat on limbs, not ok for full body or large area
Term
describe heat precautions for poor thermal regulation
Definition
very old, very young can't regulate temperature very well
Term
describe superficial heat precautions for cardiac insufficiency
Definition
can't get blood out efficiently in the body. Thermal issues cause cardiac system to work harder. Heating rapidly/too large an area puts stress on cardiac system.
Term
what are adverse effects of superficial heat applications
Definition
burns, fainting, bleeding in acute areas, skin/eye damage with infrared
Term
what temperature must you stay below to avoid adverse effects from superficial heat
Definition
45C
Term
why does fainting occur with superficial heat
Definition
you're not getting vascular supply to your head they way you should.
Term
can you frostbite someone with crushed ice
Definition
no
Term
can you frostbite someone with a freezer pack
Definition
yes
Term
what is an ice towel
Definition
wet towel with ice in it
Term
describe cold compression units
Definition
put sleeve around injury, connect it to tube, coldwater flows from container to sleeve. Fills sleeve up, puts pressure and cold on injury
Term
indications for cold
Definition
inflammation, edema, pain, spasticity, need for muscle facilitation
Term
what reduces edema?
Definition
compression and elevatoin
Term
what are contraindications for cold
Definition
cold hypersensitivity, cold intolerance, circulatory compromise, regenerating peripheral nerves, blood in urine
Term
what is an example of cold intolerance
Definition
raynauds disease
Term
what is an example of circulatory compromise
Definition
peripheral vascular disease
Term
what are precautions for cold
Definition
superficial main nerve branch, open wounds, hypertension, poor sensation, poor mentation, poor thermal regulation
Term
how does cold affect bp
Definition
increases bp
Term
what are adverse effects of cold application
Definition
tissue death/damage, frostbite, nerve damage, cold induced vasodilation
Term
what is the longest time frame you can use for freezer packs (diff from other cold packs)
Definition
15 minutes
Term
how long does it take to achieve vasoconstriction with cold
Definition
5-10 minutes
Term
what is hydrotherapy
Definition
use of water for physical and/or psychological problems
Term
what is hydrostatic pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by water on the immersed body
Term
what is turbulence
Definition
fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point varies erratically in magnitude and direction
Term
what is adhesion
Definition
tendency of water molecules to adhere to molecules of other substances
Term
what property of water is significant in volumetric measuring
Definition
adhesion
Term
what is cohesion
Definition
tendency of water molecules to adhere to each other
Term
what is surface tension
Definition
water molecules on the surface have a greater tendency to hold together, resistance is slightly greater than for adhesion and cohesion
Term
what property of water gives water its substance/makes it hurt when you do a belly flop
Definition
cohesion
Term
what are indications for hydrotherapy
Definition
superficial heating/cooling, wound care, water exercise, pain control, edema/inflammation control
Term
what is an extremity tank
Definition
tank for putting extremity in
Term
what is a leg or hip tank
Definition
tank for putting leg or hip in
Term
what is a lowboy
Definition
whirlpool low to the ground, easy to climb into
Term
what is the most common form of hydroptherapy
Definition
therapeutic pool
Term
what is hubbard tank
Definition
whirlpool with 8 shape for arms and legs to move
Term
what is a pulse lavage/vac
Definition
gun connected to water source that squirts water at the wound while simultaneously sucking it up.
Term
what are contraindications for full body hydrotherapy
Definition
cardiac instability, infectious conditions that can be spread in water, bowel incontinence, severe epilepsy, suicidal patients
Term
why is full body hydrotherapy not good for someone with cardiac instability
Definition
pressure changes cause problems
Term
what are precautions for hydrotherapy
Definition
confusion/disorientation, medications that cause drowsiness, limited strength/endurance/balance/ROM, respiratory problems, urinary incontinence, fear of water, alcohol use, pregnancy, MS, poor thermal regulation
Term
why is MS a precaution for hydrotherapy
Definition
keep <88F
Term
what are adverse effects of hydrotherapy
Definition
drowning, burns, fainting, bleeding, hyponatremia, infection, edema aggravation
Term
what is hyponatremia
Definition
not enough salt in the body fluid outside of cells
Term
define UV radiation
Definition
electromagnetic radiation at wavelength of 180-400nm
Term
with UV radiation, is the chemical reaction created in skin thermally induced?
Definition
no
Term
what is the wavelength of UVA?
Definition
320-400nm
Term
is UVA ionizing or nonionizing
Definition
nonionizing
Term
what is the wavelength of UVB?
Definition
290-320nm
Term
is UVB ionizing or nonionizing
Definition
nonionizing
Term
what is the wavelength for UVC
Definition
200-290nm
Term
is UVC ionizing or nonionizing
Definition
ionizing and germicidal
Term
which UV is longwave
Definition
UVA
Term
which UV is middle wave
Definition
UVB
Term
which UV is short wave
Definition
UVC
Term
which UV penetrates deepest
Definition
UVA
Term
which UV produces most erytema
Definition
UVB
Term
how long should a treatment of UVC last
Definition
15-20s
Term
what spectrum UV does sun emit
Definition
broad specturm
Term
what are UV physiological effects due to
Definition
wavelength, intensity, thickness/pigmentation, angle of source to surface, depth
Term
what are the physiological effects of UV
Definition
erythema, tanning, epidermal hyperplasia, vitamin D synthesis, immune response, bacterial destruction, wound healing, psychological effects
Term
what is psoriasis
Definition
skin condition that causes scaly/dry skin
Term
what are indications for UV
Definition
psoriasis, wound healing, other skin conditions
Term
what are contraindications for UV
Definition
irradiation of eyes, skin cancer, pulmonary TB, cardiac/kidney/liver disease, lupus, fever
Term
what are precautions for UV
Definition
photosensitizing meds, photosensitivity, recent x-ray therapy, do not repeat until effects from last treatment are gone
Term
why do joints heat and cool rapidly?
Definition
they don't have a lot of connective tissue
Term
does superficial heat get into muscular layer very well?
Definition
no
Term
if superficial heat doesn't get to the muscular layer, how is it that muscles relax with superficial heat
Definition
nervous system reaction
Term
does cold or heat go deeper?
Definition
cold
Term
is it better to do continuous immersion or to g in and out
Definition
in and out
Term
what is a possible reaction to continuous cold immersion
Definition
visceral reaction: nauseous and dizzy
Term
how to do cold immersion without getting visceral reaction
Definition
dip in and out until you get to a temp you want without causing a reaction
Term
if exercise causes inflammation, what can you do?
Definition
apply cold after activity
Term
what are the sensations felt with cold application, in order from first to last?
Definition
cold, mild stinging/burning, brief aching, numbness
Term
how long does it take to go through the sensations of cold, mild stinging/burning, brief aching, and numbness?
Definition
5-8 minutes
Term
what is the longest time you should apply cold for
Definition
30 minutes
Term
how long should you wait between cold treatments?
Definition
2 hours
Term
how are icepacks best used?
Definition
with an elastic wrap to apply compression
Term
what are the application steps for ice massage
Definition
rub ice over area for 4-8 minutes (until it goes numb.) Let the area warm until you can feel touch (about 1-2 minutes.) Ice until numbness again (1-2 minutes.) Let area warm until you feel touch again (1-2 minutes.) Do cold/thaw once more. Total treatment should last 10-12 minutes.
Term
what should you put between an ice pack and patient's skin
Definition
damp cloth
Term
how to make slush
Definition
2c water, 1c rubbing alcohol in a ziplock bag
Term
what should the temperature of a cold immersion bath be
Definition
55-65F
Term
how long to do cold immersion?
Definition
10 minutes
Term
what should a person feel with superficial heat application?
Definition
gentle, comfortable warmth. NOT HOT!
Term
how often to check for problems with superficial thermal application
Definition
5-8 minutes
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