Term
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Definition
| the first people to have a history, a writing system, and rule a state with more than a few towns |
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Term
| What was the area of Sumer originally like? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the area of sumer change over the fourth millenia BCE? |
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Definition
| climate grew increasingly arid |
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Term
| What two rivers did people in Sumer use for a reliable water source? |
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Definition
| Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
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Term
| What might have been a reason for the sumerians to form large labor groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| when was the first recongnizable writing created? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the sumerian writing called? |
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Definition
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Term
| when were the earliest sumerian pictographs made? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the breakthrough in sumerian writing occur? |
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Definition
| when they began to use signs to represent sounds instead of words |
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Term
| About how many cuneiform symbols were there? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did cunieform help establish in sumer? |
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Definition
| comples political structures |
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Term
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Definition
| political system based on religion |
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Term
| between 3100-2300 BCE, what changes occured in Mesopotamia/Sumer? |
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Definition
| war leaders ruled the city states, city walls, slavery increased |
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Term
| What was life in Mesopotamian cities like? |
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Definition
| many small temples, craftspeople, buereaucrats and city administrators |
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Term
| When did irrigated argiculture begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Between 3200-2350 BCE what was sumer like politically? |
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Definition
| independent sumerian city states |
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Term
| when did the first Sumerian law codes appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the first Mesopotamian Empire formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Epic of Gilgamesh compiled? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Babylonian Empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the regin of Hammurabi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the streets of Mohenjo Daro like? |
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Definition
| skilled urban workers, well planned street grid, elaborate drainage system |
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Term
| What was Mohenjo Daro like politically? |
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Definition
| no obvious monarchs, most likely ruled as city states |
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Term
| Where did Mohenjo Daro's wealth come from? |
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Definition
| ivory, lapis, carnelian, and gold |
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Term
| When was MOhenjo Daro's Hey day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Mohenjo Daro end? |
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Definition
| it is a mystery, partial cause: indus river changed direction |
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Term
| What was the erosion of equality? |
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Definition
| the maginfication of already existing inequalities |
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Term
| What were the socio-economic classes in early civilization? |
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Definition
| Upper class, free commoners, and slave |
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Term
| What was the upper class of early civilizations like? |
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Definition
| great wealth, avoided physical labor, finest material goods, occupied top millitary and religious and political positions |
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Term
| What was the free commoners class of early civilizations like? |
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Definition
| largest part of population, included artisans, low level officials, soliders and farmers, production to support the upper class |
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Term
| What were the slaves of early civilizations like? |
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Definition
| prisoners of war, criminals, debtors |
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Term
| what was the gender hierarchy of early civilizations like? |
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Definition
| tended to appreciate male labor over female labor |
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Term
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Definition
| social organization marked by the supremact of the father in the family, the legal dependece of the wives and children and the reckoning of decent and inheritance |
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Term
| Why were women in growing agricultural communities not able to specialize in work? |
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Definition
| women had to give birth and raise children; no time to work |
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Term
| Did Egypt or Mesopotamia have more freedom for women? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt, important for trade ties and construction |
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