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Sugar Glam BL Genetics
Chapter 37 DR M
24
Anatomy
Graduate
03/28/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Products of meiosis

Definition

 

 

 

1. gametes with the haploid # of chromosomes (23)

2. a sperm and ovum, they form a zygote with 46 chromosomes

Term

 

Principle of independent assortment

Definition

 

a. As sperm and ovum are formed during meiosis, two members of a pair of homolgous chromosomes seperate(the pricniple of segregation) and the maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up and redistributed independently in each gamete, with having a different set of 23 chromosomes

b. Genetic variation-indeendent assortment of chromosomes ensures that each offspring from a single set of parents is genetically equal

c. Applies to individual genes of groups of genes

d. Crossing over-during one phase of meiosis(meiosis 1) pairs of matching chromosomes line up along the equator and echange genes with ine another

Gene linkage- sometimes an entire group of genes stays together and crosses over a single unit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

Dominant Gene

Definition

 

 

 effects are seen; capable of masking the effects of a recessive gene for the same trait

Term

 

 

Recessive gene

Definition

 

 

effects are masked by the effects of a dominant gene for the same trait

Term

 

 

Genotype

Definition

 

 

combination of genes within the cells of an individual

 

Term

 

 

Genotype

Definition

 

 

combination of genes within the cells of an individual

Term

 

 

Phenotype

Definition

 

 

manner in which genotype is expressed; how an individual looks because of genotype

Term

 

 

2 genotypes

homozygous

heterozygous

Definition

 

homozygous-genotype with two idnetical types of a gene

 

 

heterozygous-genotype with two different forms of a gene

 

 

Term

 

 

carrier

Definition

 

 

 

person who posesses the gene for a recessive trait but does not exhibit the trait

Term

 

 

polygenic traits

Definition

 

 

 

when more than one gene is involved in producing a particular trait; a 'combined trait' because it results froma combination of genes 

Term

 

 

codominant traits

Definition

 

 

when two different dominant genes occur together each will have an equal effect

Term

 

abnormal disease

Definition

 

 

genes that persist in a population often provide some biological advantage, as in the case of the sickle gene that protects against malaria

Term

sex linkes traits

1. x-chromosomes

2. y-chromosomes

3.sex linked traits

Definition

1. "female chromosome"; larger than y chromosome; includes genes to determine female sexual characteristics, as well as nonsexual charactersitics

 

2. "male chromosome"; smaller than x chromosome; contains few genes other than male characterisitcs

 

3. traits carried on sex chromosomes; also known as x-linked traits

Term

 

 

mutation

Definition

 

 

change in the genetic code

Term

 

 

Types of mutations

Definition

 

 

1. deletion-missing information in the genetic code

 

2. insertion-extra information in the genetic code

 

3. insertions and deletions result in a failure to make the usual protein encoded by a particular gene

Term

 

True/false

 

Mutations can occur without outside influence

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

True

Term

 

 

 

Mutagens

Definition

 

 

 

agents that can cause most genetic mutations

Term

 

 

 

Mechanisms of

genetic disorders

Definition

 

1. Nuclear in heritance

2. mitichondrial inheritance

Term

Nuclear inheritance

 

a. single gene diseases

b. genetic predispositions

c. chromosomal genetic diseases

Definition

a. caused by individual mutant gene in nuclear DNA that passes form ine generation to the next. Ex of single genes dieases-Cystic fibrosis, PKU , Tay-sachs diease(TSD), osteogenisis imperfecta, Neurofibromatosis, Duchene muscular dystrophy(DMD), Hypercholesterolemia, sickle cell anemia, Albinism, huningtons disease (HD), and some other forms of hemophelia

b.disease ocurring because of combined affects of inheritance and environmental factors

c. congenital conditions such as trisomy and monosomy that often produce abnormalities; trysomic and monosomic individuals may die before they can reproduce. ex Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and turner syndrome

Term

Mitochondrial inheritance

a. mitichondrial DNA (mtDNA)

b.inheritance of mtDNA

c. mtDNA

Definition

a. each mitochondrion has its own DNA molecule

 

 

b. occurs through ones mother because sperm does not contribute mitochondria to the ovum during fertilization

 

 

c. contains only genetic code for several important enzymes

Term

Genetic basis of cancer

 

1. oncogenes

2. tumor supressor genes

3. genetic abnormalities

Definition

1. abnormal genes that cause forms of cancer

 

 

2. regulate cell division so it proceeds normally; when nonfunctional because of a mutation, it allows cells to divide abnormally

 

3. may inhibit the cells cancer-preventing mechansims

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