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Study Guide 4 Vocabulary
Study Guide 4 Vocabulary
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/13/2013

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Term
Ceratotrichia
Definition
The fin rays of cartilaginous fishes, are long horny rays composed of a material similar to that comprising the dorsal spines of sharks.
Term
Lepidotrichia
Definition
The rays of bony fishes; consist of jointed bony dermal scales aligned end to end.
Term
Ctenoid scales
Definition
having many tiny projections on the edge like the teeth of a comb, as in many bony fishes
Term
Cycloid Scales
Definition

Cycloid scales are thin and overlapping, permitting more flexibility.  Unlike ganoid scales, cycloid scales grow as the fish grows, and in some species, show annual growth rings.

Term
Cosmoid Scales
Definition
The inner layer of the scale is made of lamellar bone. On top of this lies a layer of spongy or vascular bone and then a layer of dentine-like material called cosmine. The upper surface is keratin. The coelacanth has modified cosmoid scales that lack cosmine and are thinner than true cosmoid scales.
Term
Ganoid Scales
Definition
Ganoid scales are similar to cosmoid scales, but a layer of ganoin lies over the cosmine layer and under the enamel. Ganoin scales are diamond-shaped, shiny, and hard. Within the ganoin are guanine compounds, iridescent derivatives of guanine found in a DNA molecule. The iridescent property of these chemicals provide the ganoin its shine.
Term
Placoid Scales
Definition
Placoid scales are found on cartilaginous fish including sharks. These scales, also called denticles, are similar in structure to teeth, and have one median spine and two lateral spines.
Term
Viviparity
Definition

Fertilized egg remain in body of female, young - born alive (e.g. mammals).

  • Nutrients trasferred from body of mother to offspring
Term
Oviparity
Definition

Egg-laying (e.g. bird)

  • Large, yolky egg in protective case
  • Developement occurs outside mother's body
Term
Ovoviviparity
Definition

Yolky fertilized egg is retained in body if female

  • Young develope in uterus and are born alive
  • Embryo is nourished by its own yolk
Term
Phylum
Definition
A principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom.
Term
Species
Definition
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g., Homo sapiens.
Term
Evolution
Definition
the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Term
Adaptation
Definition
a change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
Term
Homology
Definition
Similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function: a seal's flipper is homologous with the human arm.
Term
Homoplastic
Definition
Similarity due to any cause other than common anscestry; similar in funtion but not origin or developement
Term
Primitive Characteristic
Definition
A trait that appears in a stem anscestor from which aroes an array of subsequent species, some of which may retain the trait.
Term
Plesiomorphic Characteristic
Definition
Applied to a character state that is based on features shared by different groups of biological organisms and inherited from a common ancestor.
Term
Derived/Apomorphic Trait
Definition

When a new character evolves.


e.g. Hair:

  • Derived/apomorphic for mammals
  • Plesiomorphic for rodents/carnivores/primates, etc.
Term
Synamorphy
Definition
A shared apomorphic trait (e.g. shared by anscestor and all descendants)
Term
Clades
Definition
Monophyletic group; a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor
Term
monophyletic
Definition
Share the same immediate common anscestor; branch includes anscestor
Term
Crown group
Definition
group of living organisms and their descendants; clade of interest
Term
Out group
Definition
Other groups not in crown group
Term
Sister group
Definition
Outgroup nearest to crown group; sister clades.
Term
(basal and radial) pterygiophores
Definition

The bones or cartilages with which the base of the rays of the median fins articulate; the connecting points for the dorsal and anal fin rays.


  • Basal: the base of the finrays
  • Radial: The radials protruding out of the basals
Term
Swim bladder
Definition
One or a pair of pneumatic sacs filled with gases derived directly or from the atmosphere; has a function of buoyancy.
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