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Study Guide Test One
Chapters 17 and 18
126
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/04/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

What are the 3 general functions of blood?

Definition
  • Trasportation
  • Regulation
  • Protection
Term

 

What does blood transport?

Definition
  1. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
  2. Nutrients from the GI tract to tissues
  3. Metabolic wastes to kidneys
  4. Hormones from endocrine cells to target cells
  5. Stem cells from bone marrow to tissues where they lodge/mature
Term

 

 

 

What are blood's protective properties?

Definition
  1. Inflammation a defense mechanism limiting spread of infection
  2. White Blood cells destroy microbes and cancer cells
  3. Antibodies and complement protiens--neutralize toxins and destroy pathogens
  4. Platelets--secrete factors that promote BLOOD CLOTTING and other hemostatic functions.
Term

 

 

 

What does Blood Regulate?

Definition

 

  1. Ph-Blood proteins help stabilize pH of extracellular fluids
  2. Body Temperature-carries heat to the body surface
  3. Distribution of body fluids by absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions through capillaries to stabilize distribution
Term

 

What are the components of blood?

Definition

 

  1. Plasma          55%
  2. Buffy Coat    1%
  3. Erythrocytes  45%
Term

 

 

What are the formed elements of blood?

Definition

A. Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)

B. Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)

C. Platelets: acellular

 

Term

 

 

What are/ is the unformed elements of blood?

Definition

 

 

 

PlASMA

Term

True or False

Blood is a connective tissue?

Definition
True
Term
What is the most dense component of Blood?
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
What is found in the Buffy Coat?
Definition
White blood cells and platelets
Term
Hematocrit of Female?Male?
Definition

Female=42 +5

Male=47+5

 

Term

What is Osmolarity?

 

Normal value?

Definition

The total molarity of dissolved particles

 

# of solutes/kg H2O

 

280-296 ~300 mOsm/L

Term

What is Viscosity

 

Normal value for blood and plasma

Definition

Fluid flow resistance

 

Blood is 4.5 to 5.5

 

Plasma is 2

Term

What makes osmolarity

Increase?

Decrease?

Definition

Increase is water loss

Decrease is water gain

Term

What is the normal body temperature?

 

Definition
38*C
Term

What is the average volume of blood?

For males?

For females?

Definition

4-5 for females

5-6 for males

 

Term

What proteins make up plasma?

 

 

What percent is each?

Definition

Albumin 60%

Globulin 36%

Fibrinogen 4%

Term
Function of Albumin
Definition
Creats colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O  from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume & pressure.
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Amount of pressure applied from one side to stop OSMOSIS
Term
How would high colloid osmotic pressure affect viscosity and osmolarity?
Definition
High colloid osmotic pressure would decreasee viscosity and osmolarity
Term
What is Kwashiorkor caused by?
Definition
It is a plasma protein deficiency where water is displaced from the blood stream to tissues resulting in EDEMA
Term
What do Globulins carry?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is Fibrinogen for?
Definition
It is the inactive form of fibrin which is used to clot blood
Term
What is serum?
Definition
Serum is blood plasma without clotting factors
Term
How many RBCs per microliter of blood?
Definition

 

4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter in Females

4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter in Males

Term
What do Neutrophils do?
Definition
Phagocytize bacteria
Term
What do Eosinophils do
Definition

Kill parasitic worms

 

Complex role in allergy and asthma

Term
What do Basophils do?
Definition

They release histamines and other mediators of inflammation

 

They contain heparin, an anticoagulant

Term
What do lymphocytes do? 
Definition
Mount immune response by direct cell atack or via antibodies
Term
What do monocytes do?
Definition

Phagocytosis

 

Develop into macrophages in the tissues

Term
What is Hematopoiesis?
Definition
The formation of blood cells from stem cells in marrow or myeloid and lymphoid tissues.
Term

What is Erythroiesis

Stimulated by?

Definition

The formation of RBCs

Erythropoietin from the kidney

Term

What is Leukopoisis

Stimulated by?

Definition

The formation of WBCs

Cytokines

Term
All blood cells come from this stem cell
Definition
Pluripotent Stem Cell
Term
Why do RBCs loose their nucleus?
Definition
So they cna have more space for Hemoglobin
Term

What is the path of Erythropoiesis

 

6 stages

Definition

Hemocytoblast

Proerythroblast

Erythroblast

Normoblast

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Term
What does the bioconcave shape of a RBC function as?
Definition
It creates a huge surface area for gas exchange
Term
Is there mitochondria in RBCs
Definition
No
Term

Hemoglobin Structure

 

What is the protein part?

Definition

 

 

 

Globin

 

 

Term
What is the pigment part of Hemoglobin
Definition

Heme

 

Its bonded to each globin chain

Term
How many protein chains are there and what types?
Definition

4

 

2 alpha and two beta chains

Term
How many O2 can Hemoglobin transport?
Definition
4
Term

How many Hemoglobins does each RBC have?

Definition
280,000,000
Term
Why do males have a higher RBC count?
Definition
Testosterone enhances EPO
Term
What stimulates the production of Erypropoietin
Definition

Hypoxia

Term
What are required for Erythropoiesis?
Definition

Nutrients

Iron Fe2

Vitamin B12 and Folic acid

Term

What is the storage of Iron in the blood stream?

Definition

 

 

Hemosiderin

Term
What is the storage of Iron in the Liver?
Definition
Ferritin
Term

What is Iron uptake, transport and storage?

Definition
  1. Ingest mixture of Fe2 and Fe3
  2. Fe3 is converted to Fe2 by stomach acid
  3. Gastroferritin binds to Fe2 and transports it to the small intestines and releases it.
  4. Fe2 is absorbed into the blood plasma where it attaches to Transferrin
  5. Transferrin releases Fe2 in the liver where Apoferritin then binds to it.
  6. This storage molecule in the Liver is called Ferritin
Term
What is the active form of Fe2+ called?
Definition
Ferrous
Term
Simplified pathway of Iron
Definition

Stomach-Gastroferritin

Blood plasma-Transferrin

Liver- Apoferritin

Liver Storage-Ferritin

Term
Life span of Erythrocyte
Definition
100 to 120 days
Term
Where do expired RBCs go?
Definition
Liver and Spleen
Term
What is Jaundice/
Definition

Yellowing of

Skin

Mucus Membranes

Body Fluids

Term
What is the cause of Jaundice
Definition

Liver disease

 

Obstructed bile secretion

 

Hemolytic disease

Term
What is the Yellow pigment that causes Jaundice called
Definition
Bilirubin
Term
What does Heme group break up into
Definition

                                        Biliberdin          Iron is reused

Bilirubin

Bile

Feces

Term
What is Anemia?
Definition
When the blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
Term
Symptoms of Anemia
Definition
Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills
Term
Cause of Anemia
Definition
Insufficient Erythrocytes
Term
Hemorrhagic anemia
Definition
acute or chronic loss of blood
Term
Hemoylytic amemia
Definition
RBCs rupture prematurely (toxins, hemolysins)
Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition
Destruction or inhibition of red bone marro
Term

Low Hemoglobin content

 

 

Definition
Iron deficientcy anemia
Term
What is Pernicious anemia caused by?
Definition

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

 

Lack of or low levels of Intrinsic Factor in the stomach needed for absorption of B12

 

B12 helps build RBCs

Term
What is intrinsic factor for
Definition
It helps the stomach to absorb Vitimin B12
Term
What are the 3 different kinds of Anemia
Definition
  • Pernicious anemia-Deficiency of Vitamin B12
  • Thalassemias-Absent or faulty globin chain
  • Sickle Cell-Abnormal hemoglobin caused by defective gene

 

Term
What population has the most sicklecell anemia?
Definition
African Americans
Term
What causes RBCs to sickle?
Definition
Hemoglobin begins to crystalize becuase of a problem with the Beta globin
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition

Excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

 

8-11 million RBCs/mL instead of 4-6 million/mL

Term
What causes Poycythemia
Definition
  • Polycythemia Vera- Caused by bone marro cancer
  • Secondary Polycythemia caused by high altitude triggering EPO production
  • Blood Doping-when athletes remove blood which triggers EPO production then reinject blood for event.
Term
Transfusion reaction is
Definition
when transfused blood is mismatched and thus foreign for the body
Term
What is another name for Agglutinins?
Definition
Antibodies
Term
What is another name for Agglutinogens?
Definition
Antigens
Term
Is agglutination the same as clotting?
Definition
NO NO NO
Term
What are antigens or agglutinogens made of?
Definition
Glycolipids
Term
Def of Antigen
Definition
Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody and triggering an immune response
Term
Def of Antibody
Definition
A protein of the Gamma globulin class that reacts with an antigen
Term

AB can recieve?

Give to?

Definition

Recieve A, B, AB, O

Has no antibodies to attack other blood types

Can give only to AB

Term

B can recieve?

Give?

Definition

Recieve B, O

 

Give to B, AB

Term

A  Recieve

Give

Definition

A recieve from A, O

Give A, AB

Term

O Recieve

Give

Definition

Recieve O

Give A, B, AB, O

Term
Most common Blood Group?
Definition
O
Term
Least Common
Definition
AB
Term
Rh+ indicates the presence of
Definition
D agglutinogen
Term
If Rh- you have the possibility of developing antigens against
Definition
the D antigen
Term
What is erythroblastosis fetalis
Definition
When a Rh- mother becomes sensitized to Rh+ blood of her baby which causes her body to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies which cross the placenta and destory the RBCs of a Rh+ baby
Term
What can be given to the mother to prevent a Rh - mother from being sensitized?
Definition
RhoGAM which contains anti-Rh
Term
How do WBCs leave capillaries?
Definition
Diapedesis
Term
What do leukocytes originate from?
Definition
Hemocytoblasts
Term
What is the pathway of Leukocyte production?
Definition

Hemocytoblast

Myeloid Stem Cell

Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

                 myelocyte

                  band cells 

Term
What types of WBCs are phagocytic
Definition

 

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Term
High levels of this WBC means a bacteria infection
Definition
Neutrophils
Term

What does a histamine do?

Associated with?

Definition

An inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodialator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

 

Associated with basophils

Term
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
Definition

T-cells

B-cells

Term
What do T-cells do
Definition
Act against virus infected cells and tumor cells by cell mediated response
Term
What do B-cells do
Definition

They give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

Humoral response

Term
What is the main characteristic of Lyphocytes
Definition
They have a huge nucleus that takes up the whole cell
Term

What is the largest leukocyte

Nucleus shape?

Definition

Monocyte

U or kidney shaped

Term
What is leukopenia
Definition
Abnormally low WBC count... usually drug induced
Term
What is Leukemia
Definition
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
Term
C
Definition
Term
What cells does Hairy Cell Leukemia affect?
Definition
B-cells
Term

What are platelets formed from?

What stimulates it's production?

Definition

Megakaryocytes

thrombopoietin

Term
What do platelets contain
Definition

Serotonin

Ca

Enzymes

ADP

Platelet derived growth factor PDGF

Term
What keeps platelets in its inactive and mobile state
Definition
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostacyclin
Term
What is the development pathway for platelets?
Definition

Hemocytoblast

Megakaryoblast

Promegakaryocyte

Megakaryocyte

Platelets

Term
What does thrombopoiesis refer to?
Definition
Formation of platelets
Term
What does Thromboxane A2 do
Definition
Promotes platelet aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction
Term
What is the process of Blood clotting
Definition
  • Exposed Collagen Fibers snag platlets from the blood stream
  • Platelets release Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 which stimulate vosoconstriction and other platelets to become sticky
  • This results in a platelet plug which is further stuck together by von Willebrand Facter
Term
What does ADP do
Definition
Causes more platelets to stick and release their contents
Term
Serotonin and thromboxane A2
Definition
Enhance vascular spasms and more platelet aggregation
Term
What is coagulation?
Definition
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets which forms a clot
Term
What are intrinsic Factors
Definition
Mechanisms that originate int the blood like platelets
Term
Extrinsic factors
Definition
refers to mechanisms in the tissues that are released into the blood stream such as
Term
What is Thrombin's Inactive state
Definition

Prothrombin

Factor II

Term
What is needed to convert Prothrombin to Thrombin
Definition
Prothrombin Activator
Term
What ultimately is needed to dissolve fibrin in a blood clot?
Definition
Plasmin
Term

What is the inactive form of Plasmin

What converts ___________ into it's active form of Plasmin

Definition

Plasminogen

Kallikrein

Term
What is a THromboembolism
Definition
It is a traveling blood clot
Term
What is a Embolism
Definition
Occurs when an object from one part of the body migrates and causes blockage of blood vessels in another part of the body.
Term
What is 1st degree AV block?
Definition
When the AV node is damaged and there is a long P to Q
Term
What is 2nd degree block
Definition
Second degree block is when there is only 1 QRS complex for every P wave
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