What are the 3 general functions of blood?

• Trasportation
• Regulation
• Protection

What does blood transport?

1. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
2. Nutrients from the GI tract to tissues
3. Metabolic wastes to kidneys
4. Hormones from endocrine cells to target cells
5. Stem cells from bone marrow to tissues where they lodge/mature

What are blood's protective properties?

1. Inflammation a defense mechanism limiting spread of infection
2. White Blood cells destroy microbes and cancer cells
3. Antibodies and complement protiens--neutralize toxins and destroy pathogens
4. Platelets--secrete factors that promote BLOOD CLOTTING and other hemostatic functions.

What does Blood Regulate?

1. Ph-Blood proteins help stabilize pH of extracellular fluids
2. Body Temperature-carries heat to the body surface
3. Distribution of body fluids by absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions through capillaries to stabilize distribution

What are the components of blood?

1. Plasma          55%
2. Buffy Coat    1%
3. Erythrocytes  45%

What are the formed elements of blood?

•A. Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)

•B. Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)

•C. Platelets: “acellular”

What are/ is the unformed elements of blood?

PlASMA

True or False

Blood is a connective tissue?

Female=42 +5

Male=47+5

What is Osmolarity?

Normal value?

The total molarity of dissolved particles

# of solutes/kg H2O

280-296 ~300 mOsm/L

What is Viscosity

Normal value for blood and plasma

Fluid flow resistance

Blood is 4.5 to 5.5

Plasma is 2

What makes osmolarity

Increase?

Decrease?

Increase is water loss

Decrease is water gain

What is the normal body temperature?

What is the average volume of blood?

For males?

For females?

4-5 for females

5-6 for males

What proteins make up plasma?

What percent is each?

Albumin 60%

Globulin 36%

Fibrinogen 4%

4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter in Females

4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter in Males

Kill parasitic worms

Complex role in allergy and asthma

They release histamines and other mediators of inflammation

They contain heparin, an anticoagulant

Phagocytosis

Develop into macrophages in the tissues

What is Erythroiesis

Stimulated by?

The formation of RBCs

Erythropoietin from the kidney

What is Leukopoisis

Stimulated by?

The formation of WBCs

Cytokines

What is the path of Erythropoiesis

6 stages

Hemocytoblast

Proerythroblast

Erythroblast

Normoblast

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Hemoglobin Structure

What is the protein part?

Globin

Heme

Its bonded to each globin chain

4

2 alpha and two beta chains

How many Hemoglobins does each RBC have?

Hypoxia

Nutrients

Iron Fe2

Vitamin B12 and Folic acid

What is the storage of Iron in the blood stream?

Hemosiderin

What is Iron uptake, transport and storage?

1. Ingest mixture of Fe2 and Fe3
2. Fe3 is converted to Fe2 by stomach acid
3. Gastroferritin binds to Fe2 and transports it to the small intestines and releases it.
4. Fe2 is absorbed into the blood plasma where it attaches to Transferrin
5. Transferrin releases Fe2 in the liver where Apoferritin then binds to it.
6. This storage molecule in the Liver is called Ferritin

Stomach-Gastroferritin

Blood plasma-Transferrin

Liver- Apoferritin

Liver Storage-Ferritin

Yellowing of

Skin

Mucus Membranes

Body Fluids

Liver disease

Obstructed bile secretion

Hemolytic disease

                                        Biliberdin          Iron is reused

Bilirubin

Bile

Feces

Low Hemoglobin content

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

Lack of or low levels of Intrinsic Factor in the stomach needed for absorption of B12

B12 helps build RBCs

• Pernicious anemia-Deficiency of Vitamin B12
• Thalassemias-Absent or faulty globin chain
• Sickle Cell-Abnormal hemoglobin caused by defective gene

Excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

8-11 million RBCs/mL instead of 4-6 million/mL

• Polycythemia Vera- Caused by bone marro cancer
• Secondary Polycythemia caused by high altitude triggering EPO production
• Blood Doping-when athletes remove blood which triggers EPO production then reinject blood for event.

AB can recieve?

Give to?

Recieve A, B, AB, O

Has no antibodies to attack other blood types

Can give only to AB

B can recieve?

Give?

Recieve B, O

Give to B, AB

A  Recieve

Give

A recieve from A, O

Give A, AB

O Recieve

Give

Recieve O

Give A, B, AB, O

Hemocytoblast

Myeloid Stem Cell

Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

                 myelocyte

                  band cells 

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

What does a histamine do?

Associated with?

An inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodialator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

Associated with basophils

T-cells

B-cells

They give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

Humoral response

What is the largest leukocyte

Nucleus shape?

Monocyte

U or kidney shaped

What are platelets formed from?

What stimulates it's production?

Megakaryocytes

thrombopoietin

Serotonin

Ca

Enzymes

ADP

Platelet derived growth factor PDGF

Hemocytoblast

Megakaryoblast

Promegakaryocyte

Megakaryocyte

Platelets

• Exposed Collagen Fibers snag platlets from the blood stream
• Platelets release Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 which stimulate vosoconstriction and other platelets to become sticky
• This results in a platelet plug which is further stuck together by von Willebrand Facter

Prothrombin

Factor II

What is the inactive form of Plasmin

What converts ___________ into it's active form of Plasmin

Plasminogen

Kallikrein