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Study guide 1
Exam 1
38
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/01/2012

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Term
What happens if auditory tube blocked?
Definition
Sensation of ear popping, from Middle ear pressure not being equalized. Ear pain from tensed or stretched ear drum. Muffled noise.
Term
Is taste perception same as taste sensation?
Definition
No, Sensation is electrical
Term
Influence smell have on perception of taste
Definition
Taste is 80% smell. Detected by sensory cells --> chemorecptors turns it to electrical energy to the brain.
Term
What happens when alarm resistance fails to cope With stressor?
Definition
exhaustion
Term
What are characteristics of alarm reaction?
Definition
Sympathetic stimulation of body and adrenal medulla. Activities That counteract immediate danger. Initial reaction to stressor and Activated by nervous system.
Term
Characteristics of resistance reaction
Definition
Slow to start and longer lived. Fights stressors after alarm reaction gives out. Various regulating factors cause hormone to release.
Term
How do alarm and resistance reactions fit together?
Definition
When one fails the other takes over.
Term
Name the two phases of general adaptation.
Definition
Alarm reaction and resistance reaction.
Term
Name two different types of stress.
Definition
Distress and eustress.

Dis=good for you (test)
Eus=(bad-loosing arm)
Term
Define stressor
Definition
Any stress that initiates GAS (bacteria, bleeding, emotions)
Term
Define general adaptation syndrome
Definition
Opposite of homeostasis: gears up body to deal with stress.
Term
How does general adaptation Relate to fight or flight.
Definition
Alarm reaction stimulated by Sympathetic
Term
What could happen if you could stop your thymus from atrophying?
Definition
With older age your immune system would be boosted and infinite immunity.
Term
Name pineal gland function
Definition
Secretes melatonin hormone, Peak levels at night = sleepy.
Receive impulse from visual pathway.
Antigonadatropic prevents early puberty.
Term
down regulation with diabetes
Definition
Down regulation with type 2 diabetes due to Non responsive insulin receptors causing insulin Resistance. Too much insulin in blood
Term
Up regulation with diabetes.
Definition
Temporary fix for type 1 diabetes short term. autoimmune/beta
Term
Type 1 diabetes description
Definition
Insulin dependent. Fixed with insulin injections. Thought to be juvenile. auto immune to beta cells. Glucose unavailable cross use fatty Acid causing lipidemia and high blood cholesterol. Body destroys islets.
Term
Type 2 diabetes description
Definition
Non-insulin dependent formerly adult onset. Due to un-responsive insulin receptors. Can be down regulated and adiposecytes produce chemical that inhibits glucose transport. Controlled by diet.
Term
Alpha cells
Definition
Found in pancreas in the pancreatic islets of langerhans of endocrine. Releasing glucagon that releases blood glucose. Targets-Liver to release glucose into blood
Term
Beta cells
Definition
Produce insulin that DECREASES blood glucose.
Most numerous in islets in pancreas and targets all body cells: insulin=51 aa proteins
Term
Can we survive without alpha and beta cells?
Definition
Without beta cells we produce no insulin. Alpha and beta cells control insulin levels and alpha cells are
Term
Affects of altering hormonal trigger glucose
Definition
Increase releases more glucagon
Decrease less glucagon
Term
Name layers (zonas) of adrenal gland
Definition
Glomerulosa: fasciculate: reticularis
Term
Zona Glomerulosa
Definition
Mineralcorticoids - ion balance
Aldosterone stimulated by high potassium and low sodium and low blood pressure that looses potassium and gain sodium.
Ions control here not ACTH
Term
Zone fasciculate
Definition
Glucocorticoids-metabolic hormone
Cortisol(hc)-Which is formed from glucose, fats/proteins
Enough cortisol=anti-inflam/anti-immune
Term
Zona reticularis
Definition
Glucocorticoids and gonadocoticoids
Mainly androgens(male) + Testosterone both sexes.
Little estrogen produced.
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
Catecholamines
80%epinephrine(Heart and metabolism)
20% nor-epinephrine(vasoconstriction)
Term
What is more important to children regarding calcitonin or PTH?
Definition
Calcitonin important due to stimulating osteoblasts that build bone. Lowers blood ca++. It is located in the thyroid and humoral
Term
What hormone is important for adults?
Definition
PTH, it stimulates osteoclasts that tear down bone. And increases blood ca++
Humoral and in parathyroid of thyroid
Term
What would Happen if we were to inject Ca++ into blood?
Definition
Increase calcitonin and stimulate osteoclasts.This cause health issues like blood clots.
Term
Hormonal organs structures
Definition
Endocrine glands--hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonad(testies).
Term
Hormonal stimulus
Definition
Hypothalamus secretes hormones, stimulating anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
Also tropic
Term
Neural stimulus
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla cells in CNS that secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and nor epinephrine)

Not common
Term
Humoral stimulus
Definition
Capillary blood contains low concentration of Ca++which stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone(PTH) by parathyroid gland.
Term
Humoral
Definition
Level of something in the body fluids controls gland
K+ levels stimulates aldosterone Release
Glucose stimulates insulin
Humor=fluids
Term
Neural
Definition
Nervous system can cause hormone release
Term
Organs of endocrine system
Definition
Pituitary (hypophysis), posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pineal glands, thymus.
Term
Tropic releasing hormones
Definition
Corticotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone,
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