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Structure & Function of the Body
13th Edition Thibodeau Patton
187
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/03/2009

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Term
Left
Definition
To the left of the body or structure being studied
Term
Right
Definition
To the right of the body or structure being studied
Term
Lateral
Definition
Toward the side; away from the midsagittal plane
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward the midsagittal plane; away from the side
Term
Anterior
Definition
Toward the front of the body
Term
Posterior
Definition
Toward the back (rear) of the body
Term
Superior
Definition
Toward the top of the body
Term
Inferior
Definition
Toward the bottom of the body
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Along (or toward) the vertebral surface of the body
Term
Ventral
Definition
Along (or toward) the belly surface of the body
Term
Caudad (caudal)
Definition
Toward the tail
Term
Cephalad
Definition
Toward the head
Term
Proximal
Definition
Toward the trunk (describes relative position in a limb or other appendage)
Term
Distal
Definition
Away from the trunk or point of attachment
Term
Visceral
Definition
Toward an internal organ; away from the outer wall (describes positions inside a body cavity)
Term
Parietal
Definition
Toward the wall; away from the internal structure
Term
Deep
Definition
Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside
Term
Medullary
Definition
Refers to an inner region; or medulla
Term
Cortical
Definition
Refers to an outer region, or cortex
Term
Anatomy is often defined as...
Definition
the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts.
Term
The word anatomy is derived from...
Definition
two Greek words that mean "a cutting up."
Term
Physiology is...
Definition
the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
Term
homeo means...
Definition
"the same"
Term
stasis means...
Definition
"staying"
Term
Anatomists study...
Definition
the structure of the human body.
Term
Modern anatomy started...
Definition
during the Renaissance in Europe with the Flemish scientist Andreas Vesalius and his contemporaries.
Term
Vesalius was...
Definition
the first to apply a scientific method to the study of the human body.
Term
Atoms and molecules are often referred to as...
Definition
the chemical level of organization.
Term
Cells are considered to be...
Definition
the smallest "living" units of structure and function in our body. i.e. the simplest units of living matter
Term
A tissue is...
Definition
an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function.
Term
Cells are held together and surrounded by...
Definition
various amounts and varieties of gluelike, nonliving intercellular substances.
Term
An organ is...
Definition
a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function.
Term
Some tissues and most organs are _____ (large) structures that can be seen easily without a microscope.
Definition
gross
Term
A system is...
Definition
an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.
Term
The anatomical position is...
Definition
a reference position in which the body is in an erect or standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. The head and feet also point forward.
Term
In the supine position the body is...
Definition
lying face upward.
Term
In the prone position the body is...
Definition
lying face downward.
Term
Denotes a living thing:
Definition
Organism
Term
The most complex units that make up the body:
Definition
Systems
Term
A group of several different kinds of tissues arranged to perform a special function:
Definition
Organ
Term
Denotes a living thing:
Definition
Organism
Term
The smallest "living" units of structure and function in the body:
Definition
Cells
Term
Lower or below:
Definition
inferior
Term
Front (abdominal side):
Definition
ventral
Term
Toward the midline of the body:
Definition
medial
Term
Farthest from the point of origin of a body point:
Definition
distal
Term
Upper or above:
Definition
superior
Term
Horizontal plane:
Definition
transverse
Term
Toward the side of the body:
Definition
lateral
Term
A hypothesis is...
Definition
a reasonable guess based on previous informal observations or on previously tested explanations.
Term
experimental controls are used to...
Definition
ensure that the test situation itself is not affecting the results.
Term
Experimentation requires...
Definition
accurate measurement and recording of data.
Term
Initial experimental results are published in...
Definition
scientific journals so that other researchers can benefit from them and verify them.
Term
A hypothesis that has gained a high level of confidence is called...
Definition
a theory or law.
Term
What is anatomy?
Definition
Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.
Term
What is physiology?
Definition
Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
Term
What are the major levels of organization in the body?
Definition
Chemical level; Cellular level; Tissue level; Organ level
Term
How is a tissue different from an organ?
Definition
Tissues are an organization of many similar cells; whereas organs are groups of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function
Term
What is the anatomical position?
Definition
The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
Term
Why are the anatomical directions listed in pairs?
Definition
They describe relative positions of the body and are placed in pairs to understand them better.
Term
A sagittal cut or section is...
Definition
a lengthwise plane running from front to back.
It divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Term
A midsagittal plane...
Definition
divides the body into two equal halves.
Term
A frontal (coronal) plane...
Definition
is a lengthwise plane running from side to side.
Term
A frontal plane...
Definition
divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions.
Term
A transverse plane is...
Definition
a horizontal or crosswise plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions.
Term
The two major body cavities are called...
Definition
the ventral and dorsal body cavities.
Term
The upper part of the ventral cavity includes...
Definition
the thoracic cavity.
Its midportion is a subdivision of the thoracic cavity, called the mediastinum; its other subdivisions are called the right and left pleural cavities.
Term
The lower part of the ventral cavity includes...
Definition
an abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.
Actually, they form only one cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity, because no physical partition separates them.
Term
The diaphragm separates...
Definition
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Term
Upper abdominopelvic regions –
Definition
the right and left hypochondriac regions and the epigastric region lie above the level of the ninth rib cartilages.
Term
Middle abdominopelvic regions –
Definition
the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region lie below the level of the ninth rib cartilages and above the top of the hip bones.
Term
Lower abdominopelvic regions -
Definition
the right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions and the hypogastric region lie below the abdomen at the level of the top of the hip bones.
Term
The midsagittal and transverse planes pass through the navel (umbilicus) and divide the abdominopelvic region into the following four quadrants:
Definition
right upper or superior, right lower or inferior, left upper or superior, and left lower or inferior.
Term
The dorsal cavity includes...
Definition
the space inside the skull that contains the brain, called the cranial cavity and the space inside the spinal column that contains the spinal cord, called the spinal cavity.
Term
The cranial and spinal cavities are ______ cavities, whereas the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are _______ cavities.
Definition
dorsal, ventral
Term
Mediastinum organs =
Definition
Trachea, heart, blood vessels
Term
Pleural cavities organs =
Definition
Lungs
Term
Pelvic cavity organs =
Definition
Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine, lower (sigmoid) colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
Term
Cranial cavity organ =
Definition
Brain
Term
Spinal cavity organ =
Definition
Spinal cord
Term
What is meant by a section of the body?
Definition
Section is a description used to describe the subdivisions or smaller segments of the body
Term
What are the two major cavities of the body?
Definition
Ventral and dorsal body cavities
Term
What is the difference between the abdominal cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
The abdominal cavity only looks at the abdomen; the abdominopelvic cavity is the inclusion of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Term
The body can be subdivided into two major portions or components:
Definition
axial and appendicular.
Term
The axial portion of the body consists of...
Definition
the head, neck, and torso or trunk.
Term
The appendicular portion of the body consists of...
Definition
the upper and lower extremities
Term
The torso is composed of ________, _________, and ______ areas.
Definition
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Term
The upper extremity is divided into ___, _______, _____, and ____ components.
Definition
arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Term
The word leg refers to...
Definition
the area of the lower extremity between the knee and ankle and not the entire lower extremity.
Term
With advancing age, there is a generalized decrease in size or a wasting away of many body organs and tissues. This degenerative process is called...
Definition
atrophy.
Term
What is the difference between the axial portion of the body and the appendicular portion of the body?
Definition
The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and torso or trunk; the appendicular portion consists of the upper and lower extremities.
Term
What are some of the regions of the upper extremity and lower extremity?
Definition
Upper extremity is divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand components. Lower extremity is the leg, ankle, and foot components.
Term
The anatomical position is used as...
Definition
a reference position when the body is dissected into planes, regions, or cavities.
Term
The very survival of the body depends on the successful maintenance of...
Definition
homeostasis.
Term
Superior means...
Definition
"toward the head."
Term
Inferior means...
Definition
"toward the feet."
Term
Superior also means...
Definition
"upper" or "above."
Term
Inferior also meanst...
Definition
"lower" or "below."
Term
Anterior means...
Definition
"front" or "in front of."
Term
Posterior means...
Definition
"back" or "in back of."
Term
In humans, _______ (toward the belly) can be used in place of anterior.
Definition
ventral
Term
In humans, ______ (toward the back) can be used in place of posterior.
Definition
dorsal
Term
Medial means...
Definition
"toward the midline of the body."
Term
Lateral means...
Definition
"toward the side of the body or away from its midline."
Term
Proximal means...
Definition
"toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts."
Term
Distal means...
Definition
"away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part."
Term
Superficial means...
Definition
nearer the surface.
Term
Deep means...
Definition
farther away from the body surface.
Term
Abdominal:
Definition
refers to the body area between the diaphragm and pelvis
Term
Antebrachial:
Definition
refers to the forearm
Term
Antecubital:
Definition
refers to the elbow
Term
Axillary:
Definition
refers to the armpit
Term
Brachial:
Definition
pertaining to the arm
Term
Buccal:
Definition
pertaining to the cheek
Term
Carpal:
Definition
pertaining to the wrist
Term
Cephalic:
Definition
refers to the head
Term
Cervical:
Definition
refers to the neck
Term
Cranial:
Definition
refers to the head
Term
Crural:
Definition
refers to the leg
Term
Cubital:
Definition
refers to the elbow
Term
Cutaneous:
Definition
pertaining to the skin
Term
Digital:
Definition
refers to fingers and toes
Term
Dorsal:
Definition
referring to the back; opposite of ventral; in humans, the posterior is dorsal
Term
Facial:
Definition
referring to the face
Term
Oral:
Definition
refers to the mouth
Term
Femoral:
Definition
referring to the thigh
Term
Gluteal:
Definition
of or near the buttocks
Term
Inguinal:
Definition
of the groin
Term
Lumbar:
Definition
lower back, between the ribs and pelvis
Term
Mammary:
Definition
refers to the breasts
Term
Palmar:
Definition
palm of the hand
Term
Pedal:
Definition
foot
Term
Perineal:
Definition
refers to the area between the anus and genitals; the perineum
Term
Plantar:
Definition
pertaining to the sole of the foot
Term
Supraclavicular area:
Definition
above the clavicle
Term
Tarsal:
Definition
refers to the foot
Term
Thoracic:
Definition
pertaining to the chest area of the body (upper trunk)
Term
Volar:
Definition
palm or sole
Term
Homeostasis is...
Definition
the relative constancy of the internal environment.
Term
The cells live in an internal environment made up mostly of...
Definition
water combined with salts and other dissolved substances.
Term
The basic type of control system in the body is called a...
Definition
feedback loop.
Term
The brain (_______ ______) receives feedback information from nerve endings called cold receptors (_______) and responds by counteracting a change from normal by activating shivering by muscles (_________).
Definition
control center, sensors, effectors
Term
Organization of the body is described by...
Definition
cavities, planes, regions, and position.
Term
____________ is the component that helps provide a state of homeostasis throughout life.
Definition
Organization
Term
Our survival is dependent on the stability of...
Definition
the chemical composition of our body fluids.
Term
The ________ ________ ____ and the ________ ________ ____ assist the body to remain within the normal limits of good health.
Definition
positive feedback loop, negative feedback loop
Term
How many cells die in the human body every minute?
Definition
three hundred million
Term
The anatomical position serves as...
Definition
a reference position when dissecting the body into planes, regions, or cavities.
Term
A frontal plane...
Definition
divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) positions.
Term
A sagittal plane...
Definition
divides the body into right and left sections.
Term
A transverse plane...
Definition
divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
Term
The basic type of control system in the body is...
Definition
the feedback loop.
Term
Negative and positive feedback loops work independently to...
Definition
provide the inhibitory or stimulatory mechanisms required to maintain homeostasis.
Term
Negative feedback or negative feedback loops...
Definition
reverse a body response back to a normal state or homeostasis.
They are stabilizing and inhibitory.
Term
Positive feedback or positive feedback loops...
Definition
promote change from a normal state and are not frequently used in a healthy body.
Term
The contractions of the uterus during childbirth and the blood clotting process
are two examples of...
Definition
positive feedback loops that provide assistance to the body without causing harm.
Term
List the 11 major organ systems of the body.
Definition
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Urinary, Cardiovascular, Nervous
Term
The integumentary system is a term used to denote...
Definition
the skin and its appendages.
Term
The skin, or cutaneous membrane, is considered an organ and has two layers:
Definition
The outer layer, or epidermis
The inner layer, or dermis
Term
The appendages of the skin include accessory structures such as...
Definition
the hair, nails, and glands.
Term
Each square inch of human skin contains __ feet of blood vessels!
Definition
20
Term
The skeletal system consists of...
Definition
the bones and joints and related tissues such as cartilage and ligaments.
Term
The 206 bones in the adult skeleton provide:
Definition
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage of calcium
Producing blood cells in the red marrow of certain bones
Term
The ____ contain one quarter of all the bones in the human body!
Definition
feet
Term
Skeletal muscle is...
Definition
voluntary and provides movement under conscious control.
Term
Individual skeletal muscles are...
Definition
the organs of the muscular system.
Term
Smooth muscle, also known as...
Definition
visceral muscle, is involuntary and is found in organs such as the stomach and small intestine.
Term
Cardiac muscle is found...
Definition
in the heart.
Term
Tendons attach...
Definition
the muscles to bones.
Term
Jaw muscles can provide about ___ pounds of force to bring the back teeth together for chewing!
Definition
200
Term
The nervous system is made up of two main divisions:
Definition
The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord
Term
The nervous system functions to...
Definition
communicate, coordinate, and direct bodily functions.
Term
There are __ miles of nerves in the skin of a human being!
Definition
45
Term
The endocrine system consists of:
Definition
Glands, which are located throughout the body and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Hormones, which control growth, metabolism, and reproduction and play important roles in stress, infection, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance
Term
The cardiovascular (circulatory) system consists of the:
Definition
Heart, which serves as a pump to maintain an adequate flow of blood
Blood vessels, which serve as a closed system of ducts to transport blood beginning and ending at the heart
Term
The heart and blood vessels function together to...
Definition
push blood to and from the organs, tissues, and cells of the body.
Term
The circulatory system manages the...
Definition
delivery of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of carbon dioxide and waste products by way of:
Arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, which carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to nourish the body
Veins and venules, which carry oxygen-poor blood back through the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of wastes
Term
___ _______ ________ miles of blood vessels make up the elaborate transportation system that circulates materials
for energy, growth, and repair and eliminates wastes from your body each day of your life.
Definition
One hundred thousand
Term
The lymphatic system performs a critical role in...
Definition
the body's defense against disease and in the functioning of the immune system.
Term
The lymphatic system consists of:
Definition
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Specialized organs such as the tonsils, thymus, and spleen
Term
The lymphatic system is not a closed system of vessels like the circulatory system.
Instead,...
Definition
lymph fluid flows through the lymphatic vessels and eventually empties into the circulatory system.
Term
The lymphatic system helps to defend the body against an average of __ _______ bacteria on each square inch of skin!
Definition
32 million
Term
The respiratory system consists of the:
Definition
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Term
The organs of the respiratory system promote the exchange of gases so that...
Definition
adequate oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body.
Term
The respiratory system is actively involved in regulating the...
Definition
acid-base balance of the body.
Term
The digestion and absorption of nutrients is the function of the _________ system.
Definition
digestive
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