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| Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East and eastern Europe that lasted until after World War I |
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| Ottoman sultan called the "Conquerer"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire |
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| Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century |
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| Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century, often more powerful than the sultan |
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| Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent |
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| Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beleifs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722 |
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| Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty |
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| Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah |
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| Important battle between the Safavids and the Ottomans 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state |
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| Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology |
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| Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors |
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| Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism |
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| Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture |
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| Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century |
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| Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530 |
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| Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556 |
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| Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority |
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| Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death |
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| Ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband's funeral pyres |
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| Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India |
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| Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and createda faction ruling the empire during later years of his reign |
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| Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707 |
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| Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear |
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| Turkic term used for emperor |
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| Safavid term for king of kings |
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| (1688-1747) Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom |
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| Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories |
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| Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal |
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| Members of a Hindu religous sect |
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