Term
1. Islam’s ethical code, as a response to 7th century Arab culture
a) Old days in Arabia |
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Definition
People called Bedouins lived as desert nomads
They had sheep and goats; lived in tents
There was no “upper class” - nobody had great wealth
People called Bedouins lived as desert nomads
They had sheep and goats; lived in tents
There was no “upper class” - nobody had great wealth |
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Term
1. Islam’s ethical code, as a response to 7th century Arab culture
b) What was disturbing Muhammad |
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Definition
Rising gap between rich and poor
In the Bedouin tribes, orphans were always adopted
In Mecca, widows, orphans, and poor people were not taken care of |
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Term
1. Islam’s ethical code, as a response to 7th century Arab culture
c) Islam’s ethical response |
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Definition
Rising gap between rich and poor
In the Bedouin tribes, orphans were always adopted
In Mecca, widows, orphans, and poor people were not taken care of
Islam’s ethical response
Zakat –one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Money must be given to the poor
Do not try to cheat people in business deals
If a man has several wives, he must be able to take care of them
Surah 107 in Qur’an says people should show their religion in their actions: by taking care of orphans and poor people |
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Term
2. How these rulers brought change to their empires
a) Askia Muhammed |
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Definition
Conquered more land
Songhai Empire
Introduced Islam to more people, sometimes by force
Restored Timbuktu
At Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu, there was a university where they studied math, medicine, music, astronomy, and literature |
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Term
2. How these rulers brought change to their empires
b) Charlemagne |
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Definition
Carolingian Empire
Conquered additional lands in Europe
In Saxony, he forced Christianity and cut down their sacred tree
When he conquered Saxony, he moved into a part of Europe that didn’t know about Christianity
Armies forced Saxons into the river to be baptized as Christians
Believed a king had responsibility in religion
Brought monks from England and Ireland to teach reading and basics |
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Term
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Definition
| Used missi Domenici to report to him about things happening |
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Term
| b) Big event of Christmas Day, 800 |
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Definition
Charlemagne went to Rome, where the Pope was being threatened by the men of Rome
Pope crowned Charlemagne as “emperor of the Romans”
It wasn’t the Roman Empire, it was a new civilization, combining Roman culture (including Latin language), Germanic culture, and Christianity |
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Term
| c) Carolingian Renaissance |
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Definition
He wanted literacy for his people
Told monks to teach school
Monks made copies of books
90% of the Latin literature we have today came from Carolingian monks
As they wrote the monks developed a new improved handwriting, called Carolingian minuscule, which was easier to read, with fewer copying mistakes |
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Term
3. New technologies brought changes to Europe and the world
a) Printing Press |
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Definition
Books didn’t have to be copied by hand
Books were more available
Also – shorter things – political cartoons
More motivation to learn to read
Ideas could spread fast (important in the Protestant Reformation)
Books encouraged research |
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Term
3. New technologies brought changes to Europe and the world
b) New ship technology – the Carabel |
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Definition
Combination of square and triangular sails – can sail against the wind, thus can go more places
Size of ships – can carry more food and water, which means they could go farther.
Also, they could carry more trade goods, which meant world trade became possible
Can have heavy cannons, which meant Europeans could dominate other cultures
New navigation instruments: compass and astrolabe (tells latitude), made it possible to cross oceans |
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Term
3. New technologies brought changes to Europe and the world
c) Guns |
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Definition
Soldiers with muskets will win
Cannons could knock down city walls (walled cities no longer protect you) and be placed on ships
Only the rich countries could afford the new weapons, which gave them more power
Non-Europeans had no protection against the “deadly combination of ships and guns” |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
a) Louis XIV
a) Louis XIV and religion |
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Definition
Believed his power would be greater if all French people were Catholics
Destroyed Huguenot churches and schools
Cancelled the Edict of Nantes, making Huguenots an illegal religion
200,000 Huguenots left France, taking their skills with them |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
a) Louis XIV
b) How he weakened nobles |
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Definition
Nobles off the royal council
Told nobles to come live at Versailles, where their minds will be distracted by pleasures
Ceremonies like levee: king at center of attention
At Versailles: dancing, gambling, hunting |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
a) Louis XIV
c) Louis XIV and the economy |
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Definition
Named Colbert as finance minister
Colbert worked to bring mercantilism, so France will have a favorable balance of trade
Government encouraged industries and trade with:
Subsidies to new industries
Improved transportation with roads and bridges
High tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods
Colonies developed as source of raw materials (Haiti for sugar) |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
a) Louis XIV
d) Louis XIV as absolutist: how he used Versailles |
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Definition
King’s residence
Government offices
Place people came to ask king for jobs or favors
Many nobles lived there |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
a) Louis XIV
e) Louis XIV and war |
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Definition
As absolutist, he decided which wars to have
He had 4 wars – expensive
400,000 men in his army
Had to raise taxes to pay for it all
His advice for the next king: “Try to have peace with your neighbors. I have loved war too much.” |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
b) Peter the Great
a) Peter changes Russia’s military |
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Definition
Brings in officers from outside to show new ways
Peasants forced into army
Army increased to 210,000
Created 1st Russian navy |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
b) Peter the Great
b) Peter changes Russia’s economy |
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Definition
Starts expanding value of exports (for favorable balance of trade)
Subsidies from government to new industries
Developed iron mines
Raised taxes to support army and industry |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
b) Peter the Great
c) Peter gains control of Russian Orthodox Church |
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Definition
Abolished office of patriarch (had been head of church)
Created office of Procurator of the Holy Synod, to be appointed by Peter
This gave Peter control of how the church was led
Peter wanted to keep Old Believers (men must have beards, geometry is a sin) out of power |
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Term
4. Examples of 17th century absolutism
b) Peter the Great
d) Peter the Great and St. Petersburg, his new capital |
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Definition
Chose the place for his new capital on the coast of the Baltic Sea (also for trade and navy)
Called St. Petersburg
His goal: better connections with more modern countries of Western Europe
Told nobles to build town houses there and spend part of year there (they will be exposed to new ideas) |
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Term
5. For industrial workers in Britain
a) The good |
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Definition
Higher pay compared to farm work
Work was year-round (unlike farm work)
Little or no skill involved |
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Term
5. For industrial workers in Britain
b) The bad |
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Definition
The 14-hour day
Machines can be dangerous
Coal mines caught on fire
Factories had dust in air |
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Term
6. China in the 19th century
a) Reforms proposed by Taipings, “Self-Strengthening”, Boxers |
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Definition
Taipings
Land re-distribution, peasants get equal amounts
Treat women as equals. Women served in Taipings’ army. They promised women could compete for government jobs on an equal basis if Taipings succeeded
No more private property. Property owned by group
No alcohol or tobacco
End footbinding
Self-strengthening
Qing dynasty emperor’s plan
They were trying to adopt Western technology, but keeping Confucian values
Example: Kang Youwei’s “One Hundred Days” was his attempt to bring massive reform, following Western ideas about education and government
Boxers
2 main concerns were poverty and blamed foreigners for the bad things going on in China |
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Term
6. China in the 19th century
b) Why the reform ideas failed |
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Definition
Taipings
British and French armies helped the Qing dynasty crush the Taipings
Why British and French wanted to keep Qing dynasty in power: so Europeans can get what they want out of China. Weak ruler in China means easier for Europeans to get what they want
Self-strengthening
Empress Cixi had the young emperor imprisoned, which was the end of his attempts at reform
Boxers
Started killing all “foreigners” (Christians)
Killing foreigners led to 9 countries attacking China; raiding Beijing
This invasion stopped the Boxers
Weakened the Qing dynasty because it made it clear the Qings could not protect China form foreign powers |
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Term
7. Tokugawa Shogunate
a) Achievements: “The Great Peace” |
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Definition
No more samurai wars
Daiymos kept under control through hostage system
Samurai were strictly forbidden to kill each other (they could still kill lower class people)
Peace allowed trade and culture to flourish |
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Term
7. Tokugawa Shogunate
b) Achievements: Trade |
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Definition
265 years of peace were great for trade
But all trade was within Japan (Tokugawa shoguns had policy of isolation)
Handcraft industries (Tea and silk)
With trade, Japan got a middle class
With a middle class, cities grew (Edo was world’s biggest city) |
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Term
7. Tokugawa Shogunate
c) Achievements: Culture |
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Definition
Rising middle class wanted books, theater, art
Saikaku was a bestselling author (Five Women Who Loved Love)
Kabuki was a new kind of theater (Plots were violent and tragic; actors didn’t wear masks; no women allowed on stage)
Prints weren’t expensive and appealed to rising middle class (Hokusai’s Thirty-Six Views of Mt. Fuji) |
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Term
| d) Why Tokugawa Shogunate ended |
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Definition
| Satsuma and Chosun clan leaders overthrew the shogun (Sat-Cho rebellion)because they saw that Japan needed new technology and contact from outside world |
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Term
8. Meiji Japan
a) Industrialization |
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Definition
Land tax was used to pay for:
Subsidies to start new industries (weapons, shipbuilding, sake)
Training programs
Foreign advisors brought in
New educational systems, emphasizing science
Improvements in transportation: roads, harbors |
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Term
8. Meiji Japan
b) Imperialism (up to 1912) |
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Definition
Compared to Europe, Japan was small, crowded, and lacking in resources
Manchuria was good for resources and China was too weak to defend
Arguments made in favor of imperialism: all countries operate according to the “law of the jungle”
U.S. and Europe are gaining control of Africa, and Asia will be next
We should be looking at China and Korea as backward and ready to be exploited |
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Term
8. Meiji Japan
c) Imperialism; how? |
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Definition
In war with China, Japan got Taiwan
In war with Russia, Japan got the Liaodong Peninsula, which was the gateway to Manchuria had coal, iron, and market, which Japan eneded
In 1910, Japan got Korea |
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Term
9. Mexico
a) Mexican Revolution |
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Definition
Madero, a liberal landowner, forced Diaz from power
New government not getting enough change to help Mexico
The next wave was led by Zapata
Peasants were acting, and the goal was land reform
Got money for guns around 1910-1915 for border raids
Zapata’s army called guerillas
Constitution of 1917:
Created republic
Set up a strong presidency
Land reform stated as goal
Established limits on foreign investors’ ownership of Mexico’s resources and businesses
Set an agenda to help the workers |
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Term
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Definition
Distributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican peasants, which made him very popular with them
Took a strong stand with the U.S. over oil, which Mexico had a lot of
After a dispute with the foreign oil companies, nationalized (seized control of) the oil fields and the property of the companies
They did eventually pay for the property that was taken, and then set up PEMEX, an national oil company, to run the oil industry
FDR refused to send Marines because of the Good Neighbor Policy
With profits from PEMEX, Cardenas built rural schools, piped water to remote villages, and sent teachers to help people learn better farming methods |
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Term
9. Mexico
a) 1950s-late 1970s |
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Definition
In late 1970s, vast new reserves of oil were discovered in Mexico, and the sale of oil abroad increased, which made the government very dependent on oil reserves
By 1970s, Mexico was the fastest-growing economy in Latin America because of steady economy growth and wages were going up
Irrigation expanded
New industries: chemicals, steel, electrical appliances, and tourism
By 1970, 25% were in middle class |
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Term
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Definition
When world oil prices dropped in the 1980s, Mexico was no longer able to make payments on its foreign debt, which had reached $80 billion in 1982.
The government was forced to adopt a policy of privatization (sale of state companies to private companies)
In 1988, the PRI’s choice for president won the vote with only 50.3%
Big trouble (also for Texas) because of the drop in world price of oil
PEMEX can’t fund all its projects, which meant unemployment went up
Mexico went into debt (inflation) |
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Term
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Definition
A free trade agreement with the U.S. and Canada
North American Free Trade Agreement
3 countries will not tax products coming in from other 2
Helps industry in Mexico
Hurts Mexico’s farm producers because they can’t compete with U.S. farm prices, since U.S. government gives subsidies to farm production |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
a) Who was Sandino? |
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Definition
Led guerilla raids in the 1920s against United Fruit offices and U.S. Marine bases
Leader of Sandinista rebellion |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
b) Somoza family as rulers |
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Definition
Was corrupt and ruthless
Ruled for a long time
Made millions at expense of the state |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
c) Sandinista rebellion |
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Definition
Formed a guerrilla army
Took their name from Sandino
They were backed by Cuba, Mexico, and Costa Rica
Succeeded in overthrowing the Somoza government |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
d) Sandinista government and Daniel Ortega |
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Definition
Major land reform; about half of the rich people’s land was redistributed
Had a big literacy program
Limits on freedom of political parties and press
Economy didn’t improve
Miskito Indians were removed from their tribal lands
Middle and upper classes opposed Ortega
U.S. actions hurt them when they cut off trade and aid
Even worse, U.S. decision to help the Contras |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
e) The Contra war in Nicaragua |
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Definition
In Spanish, “contra” means “against”
They were fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government
The U.S. sent aid but not troops
They sent the CIA
CIA mined a major port on the west coast
These mines were illegal, since the U.S. was not in a war with Nicaragua |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
f) Why U.S. cut off aid to the Contras |
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Definition
Fear the war could develop into another Vietnam
Anger at the CIA, which had done illegal things
Shock at the brutality of the Contras |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
g) End of Nicaragua’s Contra War |
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Definition
U.S. Congress voted to cut off aid to the Contras
Cuba cut off aid to the Sandinista government, because the USSR, the source of Cuba’s funds, was falling apart |
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Term
10. Nicaragua
h) 1990 election |
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Definition
Ortega lost
Violeta Chamorro was elected as Nicaragua’s president
She promised honesty in government and reduction of the military |
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