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| vertical plane that divides body into unequal right and left portions |
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| horiz plane bisecting the body into inferior and superior portions |
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| vertical plane passing through the center of the body dividing it itno equal right and left halves |
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| vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior portions |
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| Define anatomical position |
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| it is when a body is standing, eyes open and level, head in mid position, upper extremities @ sides, palms face forward, feet parallel, heels close together |
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| Longitudinal section of an organ |
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| section on or parallel to the long axis of the organ |
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| Cross section of an organ |
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| plane @ right angle with the long axis of the organ |
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| T/F extension is the opening or moving of a structure away from the midline |
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| F - extension is an increase of the angle between the components of a joint, while this def is for abduction |
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| T/F adduction is the closing or moving of a structure toward the midline |
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| T/F the anterior aspect of a limb moving toward midline is lateral rotation |
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| F this is medial rotation, as lateral rotation is when it moves away from midline |
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| T/F flexion is the decrease of the angle in a joint |
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| T/F rotation is the circular motion of a structure around its axis |
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| what are the 2 functions of a skeleton? |
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| reservoir for inorganic elements incl calcium and magnesium and provide structural support |
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| compare/describe cortical and cancellous bone |
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| cortical is dense outer shell, cancellous (or trabecular) bone is spongious bone encased by the cortical |
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| bones of the head that protect the central nervous system |
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| comprised of the bones that make up the shoulder, upper extremities, pelvis and lower extremities |
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| part of a long bone from which bone growth occurs |
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| shaft of a long bone (giggity) |
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| growing portion of a bone that is located between the diaphysis and epiphysis |
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| bone reformation occurs in response to the stresses on it |
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| layer of conn tissue that envelops all bones - provides blood supply |
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| label major structures of a typical vertebra |
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| lamina, pedicles, vertebral foramen, transverse process, articular process, vertebral body, spinous process |
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| label a picture of the spine |
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| primary curvature, 2ndary curvature, cervical region, lumbar region, thoracic region, sacrum |
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| list the 7 bony processes that are found protruding from the vertebral arch |
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| 2 transverse processes, 2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes, and a spinous process |
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| function of the dorsal nerve root? |
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| function of the ventral nerve root? |
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| 2 regions of the intervertebral disc? |
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| anulus fibrosis (outer layer); nucleus pulposis (inner layer) |
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| what is the biomechanical function of the IVD? |
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| act as a biological shock absorber and pivot point for motion |
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| list from superficial to deep, the meninges of the spinal cord |
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| dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
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| __________ connect bone to bone |
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| the ________ ligament system holds individual vertebrae together |
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| the ________ ligament system holds many vertebrae together |
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| this ligament connects the laminae and protects neural elements, the strongest of the spinal ligaments, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal cord |
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| these run from the base of one spinous process to another |
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| this runs along the posterior portion or distal tips of the spinous processes |
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| contains inferior portion of the central nervous system and is covered by 3 layers of meninges |
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| membranes covering the spinal cord - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
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| exits sacrum through the sciatic foramen and serves leg flexor muscles. supplies motor movement and sensory feeling function to the thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot and toes |
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| what muscle is responisible for rotation of the spine? |
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| what muscles maintain the spine erect and provide for extension? |
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| what are the types of vertebrae and how many are there? |
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cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5 |
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| where is the cauda equina located? describe structure |
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| inferior to L2 - 'horse's tail' in the dural sac |
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| the functional unit of the spine is known as: |
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| nuclues pulposis can break thru a torn or weakened anulus fibrosis; can compress the nerve structures |
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| NPH (nucleus pulposis hernia) |
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| greek word that means "narrowing" |
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| verebral bone in the spine collapses, causing the spine to shorten and often fall forward |
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| herniations of the nucleus pulposis into the body of the verebra immediately inferior or superior to the disc |
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| variable symptom incidence and causes lameness of gait |
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| NIC (neural intermittent claudication) |
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| narrowing of the passages for the neural structures that traverse the lumbar spine |
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| intense pain from the buttocks to the toes |
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| inflammation of the vertebrae; can cause severe pain and eventual bone deformation |
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| congenital defect in the formation of the pars interarticularis |
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| abnormal excess development of vertebral bone, such as bone spurs, can also lead to stenosis of the spinal canal |
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| gen. term for inflammation of the joints and includes several diff. joint diseases |
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| lateral deviation of the spine |
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| vertebral body and part of the vertebral arch is displaced forward - can cause acute compression of nerve roots |
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| starts as microfracture in anulus fibrosis which allows for protrusion of the anulus fibrosis into the spinal canal and/or intervertebral foramen. adv stage occurs when fragment of N.P. becomes dislodged and is a 'free fragment' |
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| talk about scope of VCF problem |
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| 700-750,000 VCFs annually in the US. only 1/3 are clinically diagnosed each year. important to treat due to reduced QOL and increased mortality risk (downward spiral) resulting from 1st fracture |
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| 2 common cancers that contribute to spinal fractures? |
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| bone metastases and mult myeloma |
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| When using "right" or "left" during surgery, who is that in reference to? Why is that important? |
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| It's in reference to the patients right and left side. It is important so you can communicate effectively with the physician and protect the patient. |
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| What is the difference between a view and a plane? |
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| A plane is a flat surface that is formed from a cut in the body or organ. A view is the perspective from which the plane is seen. |
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| Rules for writing in medical terms? |
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When combining root and suffix words, a combining vowel must be added.
When combining two root words the combining vowel is maintained, even if the second root begins with a vowel (osteoarthritis). |
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| How does osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity generate bone? |
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| New bone is generated when Osteoclastic Activity (Bone Creation) occurs while Osteoblastic Activity (Bone Destruction) breaks down old bone. |
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