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Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes
Chapter 13
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011

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Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
Starts at the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull, passes through the vertebral canal, ends at L1 or a little beyond. Has 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Term
Cervical enlargement
Definition
Nerves to the upper limb. Located in the cervical region.
Term
Lumbar enlargement
Definition
Nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs. Located in the thoracic region.
Term
Medullary cone (conus medullaris)
Definition
Cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5
Term
Meninges
Definition
Three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord. From superficial to deep: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Term
Spina bifida
Definition
Congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete verebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord.
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Neuron cell bodies with little myelin; Site of information processing, synaptic integration.
Term
White Matter
Definition
Abundantly myelinated axons; Carry signals from one part of the CNS to another.
Term
Posterior (dorsal) horns
Definition
Obtains information from the posterior (dorsal) root; Gray matter
Term
Posterior (dorsal) root
Definition
Carries only sensory fibers; Gray matter
Term
Anterior (ventral) root
Definition
Obtains information from the anterior (ventral) horns; Gray matter
Term
Anterior (ventral) horns
Definition
Carries only motor fibers; Gray matter
Term
Gray commissure
Definition
Connects right and left sides; Punctured by central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF
Term
Ascending tracts
Definition
Carry sensory information up the spinal cord
Term
Descending tracts
Definition
Carry motor information down the spinal cord
Term
Nerve
Definition
A cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue
Term
Mixed Nerves
Definition
Contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Around the axon
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Surround individual myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Term
Fascicles
Definition
Nerve fibers gathered in bundles
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Surround individual nerve fibers
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Outside layer that binds several fascicles together
Term
Poliomyelitis
Definition
Caused by the poliovirus. Destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of spinal cord.
Term
ALS or Lou Gehrig disease
Definition
Destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy. Also sclerosis (scarring) of lateral regions of the spinal cord.
Term
Sensory (afferent) nerves
Definition
Carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
Term
Motor (efferent) nerves
Definition
Carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands
Term
Somatic Fibers
Definition
Innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints
Term
Visceral Fibers
Definition
Innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera
Term
General Fibers
Definition
Innervate widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels
Term
Special Fibers
Definition
Innervate more localized organs in the head including eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, and muscles of chewing, swallowing and facial expression
Term
Ganglion
Definition
Cluster of neurosomas outside the CNS
Term
Number of cervical spinal nerves
Definition
8 (C1-C8)
Term
Number of thoracic spinal nerves
Definition
12 (T1-T12)
Term
Number of lumbar spinal nerves
Definition
5 (L1-L5)
Term
Number of sacral spinal nerves
Definition
5 (S1-S5)
Term
Number of coccygeal spinal nerves
Definition
1 (Co)
Term
Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
Definition
Contains the somas of sensory neurons carrying signals to the spinal cord
Term
Anterior ramus
Definition
Innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk; Gives rise to nerves of the limbs.
Term
Posterior ramus
Definition
Innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and skin of the back.
Term
Meningeal branch
Definition
Reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments.
Term
Cervical plexus
Definition
In the neck, C1 to C5; Supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm.
Term
Brachial plexus
Definition
Near the shoulder, C5 to T1; Supplies upper limb and some of shoulder and neck; Median nerve-carpal tunnel syndrome.
Term
Lumbar plexus
Definition
In the lower back, L1 to L4; Supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia.
Term
Sacral plexus
Definition
In the pelvis, L4, L5, and S1 to S4; Supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb.
Term
Coccygeal plexus
Definition
S4, S5, and Co
Term
Somatosensory function
Definition
Carry sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, and the skin.
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Brain receives information about body position and movements from nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and joints.
Term
Motor function
Definition
Primarily to stimulate muscle contraction.
Term
Phrenic nerve
Definition
Supplies the diaphragm; C3 of the cervical plexus
Term
Radial Nerve Injury
Definition
Passes through the axilla (brachial plexus); Also called crutch paralysis; Results in wrist drop
Term
Sciatica
Definition
Sharp pain that travels from gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg to ankle
Term
Dermatome
Definition
A specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves
Term
Dermatome map
Definition
A diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve.
Term
Reflexes
Definition
Quick, involuntary, stereotyped reaction of glands or muscle to stimulation
Term
Pathway of reflex arc
Definition
Somatic receptors, Afferent nerve fibers, Integrating center, Efferent nerve fibers, Effectors
Term
Stretch (myotatic) reflex
Definition
When a muscle is stretched, it "fights back" and contracts, maintaining increased tonus and making it stiffer than unstretched muscle
Term
Tendon reflex
Definition
Reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped
Term
Reciprocal inhibition
Definition
Reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against each other by inhibiting the antagonist
Term
Flexor reflex
Definition
the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
Term
Crossed extension reflex
Definition
The contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn. (Maintains balance by extending other leg)
Term
Paraplegia
Definition
Paralysis of both lower limbs
Term
Quadriplegia
Definition
Paralysis of all four limbs
Term
Hemiplegia
Definition
Paralysis on one side of the body
Term
Paresis
Definition
Partial paralysis or weakness of the limbs
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