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Spinal Anatomy/general anatomy
Embryology of Spinal anatomy
278
Anatomy
Professional
09/02/2012

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Term
Where does vertebral embryology develop?
Definition
mesoderm
Term
What guides development of the vertebral column and the spinal cord?
Definition
notochord
Term
What gives rise to the nucleus pulposus and the intervertebral disc
Definition
notochord
Term
What are condensations around the notochord?
Definition
somites
Term
Paraxial Somites develop what 3 things
Definition
sclerotomes, myotomes, and dermatomes
Term
What are the 3 primary ossification centers of the sclerotomes
Definition
centrum, right and left halves of the neural arch
Term
What are 5 secondary ossification centers of the sclerotomes?
Definition
spinous process, right and left tp, upper and lower vertebral end plates
Term
Myotomes from somatic muscle develops ___
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
Myotomes from splanchnic develops __
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Myotomes from epimere develops ___
Definition
extensor muscles, posterior
Term
Mytomes from hypomere develops __
Definition
flexor muscles, anterior
Term
Where do peripheral nerves develop?
Definition
dermatomes through somites
Term
When there is mesoderm replaced by cartilage there is ___
Definition
chondrification
Term
When there is cartilage replaced by bone there is ___
Definition
ossification
Term
When there is bone formed within a membrane there is __
Definition
intramembranous ossification
Term
When there is bone formed within a cartilage there is ___
Definition
intracartilaginous ossification
Term
A typical vertebrae has most of its weight bearing ___
Definition
anteriorly
Term
2 pedicles are located __
Definition
posteriorlaterally
Term
2 transverse processes are located
Definition
laterally
Term
2 laminae are formed from the ___
Definition
neural arch
Term
1 spinous process is located ___
Definition
posteriorly
Term
Superior articular processes has its facet facing
Definition
backwards
Term
Inferior articular processes has its facet facing
Definition
forwards
Term
The pars interarticularis is located
Definition
between the superior and inferior articular processes
Term
The vertebral canal is located ___
Definition
behind the body
Term
What is the embryological origin of the organs, gut, repiratory tract, "tubular structures"
Definition
endoderm (endoderm subgroup)
Term
What embryological subgroup contains the smooth muscles of organs
Definition
paraxial splanchnic of the mesoderm
Term
what embryological subgroup contains the urogenital system and the kidneys
Definition
intermediate of the mesoderm
Term
what embryoloical subgroup contains the skull, muscles, & connective tissues of the head , dentine
Definition
the head of the mesoderm
Term
what embryological subgroup contains the adrenal cortex, blood and lymph cells, CT , spleen, serous membranes of pleura and pericardium cardiovascular and lymph **
Definition
lateral plate of the mesoderm
Term
The germinal layer that contains nerves and skin is the
Definition
ectoderm
Term
What embryological layer contains derivatives of the epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of the eye, skin, enamel, hair and nails
Definition
the surface ectoderm of the ectoderm
Term
What embryological layer contains the posterior pituitary, retina of the eye, CNS, and oligodendrocytes
Definition
The neural tube of the neuroectoderm of the ectoderm
Term
What embryological layer contains the brain and the spinal cord?
Definition
CNS of the neural tube of the neuroectoderm
Term
What embryological layer contains the sympathetic chain ganglion, DRG, ANS, PNS, Schwann cells, Parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and the adrenal medulla
Definition
Outside the CNS is the neural crest cells of the neuroectoderm
Term
What is the embryological order
Definition
Notochord, neural plate, neural groove, neural tube, and neural crest cells
Term
What is a pathology of the CNS from the neural tube where the lamina fails to fuse?
Definition
Spinal Bifida Occulta (fawns beard)
Term
What could prevent a neural tube defect?
Definition
Vitamin B9 Folic Acid
Methyl folate
tetrahydrofolate
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where the meninges protrude out?
Definition
meningocele
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where the spinal cord protrudes out because the meninges are not developed properly?
Definition
myelocele
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where the spinal cord and the meninges protrude out
Definition
meningomyelocele
(spina bifida vera) Manifesto
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where the cerebellar peduncles come below the foramen magnum
Definition
Arnold Chiari Syndrome Type 1
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where there is cerebellar peduncles that come below the foramen magnum and meningomyelocele
Definition
Arnold Chiari Syndrome Type 2
Term
What is a pathology of the neural tube where there is a failure of the maxillary and palatine bones to fuse
Definition
cleft palate (hair lip)
Term
How many pairs of paraxial mesodermal somites are there?
Definition
31 pairs
Term
Primary ossification occurs
Definition
before birth
Term
Secondary ossification occurs
Definition
after birth
Term
What type of ossification is characterized by mesenchymal tissue into bone
Definition
intramembranous/intramedullary ossification
Term
What type of ossification is characterized by clavicle and the flat bones of the skull (parietal)
Definition
intramembranous/intramedullary
Term
What ossification is preformed in cartilage and is the form of ossification for all other bones?
Definition
enchondral
Term
The embrological origin of the mouth is
Definition
stomodeum
Term
Rathkies pouch gives rise to
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
What is the embryological origin of the back of the throat to the 1st 1/3rd of the duodenum
Definition
foregut
Term
What is the embryological origin of the last 2/3rds of the duodenum to the first 2/3 of the transverse colon?
Definition
midgut
Term
What is the embryological origin of the last 1/3rd of the transverse colon to the anus
Definition
hindgut
Term
What is the innervation and arterial supply to the last 1/3rd of the transverse colon?
Definition
Pelvic splanchnic/ inferior mesenteric artery
Term
What does the gubernaculum in the males become
Definition
the scrotal ligament (gubernacular testes)
Term
What does the gubernaculum in the females become
Definition
the suspensory ligament of the ovaries, ovarian ligament, and round ligament
Term
What are the three primary vesicles?
Definition
Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
Term
The prosencephalon has 2 secondary vesicles what are they
Definition
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Term
What are the derivitives of the telencephalon?
Definition
cortices and basal ganglion
Term
what are the derivitives of the diencephalon
Definition
thalamus (Hypo, epi, sub)
Term
The epithalamus is the same as
Definition
pineal gland
Term
The corticies and basal ganglion of the telencephalon of the prosencephalon give rise to what CN?
Definition
1- lateral ventricle (corpus callosum)
Term
The thalamus, pineal gland (epithalamus) of the diencephalon of the prosencephalon gives rise to what CN?
Definition
2- 3rd ventricle (foramen of monroe-intraventricular foramen)
Term
The mesenencephalon has a secondary vesicle of the mesencephalon which has which derivative
Definition
midbrain
Term
The midbrain of the mesencephalon of the mesencephalon gives rise to what CN?
Definition
3,4 - aqueduct of sylvius (cerebral aqueduct)
Term
The rhomencephalon gives rise to 2 secondary vesicles
Definition
metencephalon, myelencephalon
Term
What are the derivitives of the metencepalon
Definition
pons and cerebellum
Term
The pons and cerebellum of the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon gives rise to CN?
Definition
5-8 (4th ventricle)
Term
The myelencephalon gives rise to what derivitive
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
The medulla oblongata of the myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon gives rise to what CN?
Definition
9-12 of the 4th ventricle
Term
What is the fold of tissue located at the floor of the 4th ventricle called?
Definition
obex
Term
Mossy fibers of the cerebellum are __
Definition
excitatory
Term
Perkinjue fibers of the cerebellum are __
Definition
inhibitory
Term
The major neurotransmitter dopamine has a major effect on
Definition
the mesencephalon (cingulate gyrus)
Term
dopamine stimulates the
Definition
cingulate gyrus
Term
The basal ganglia inhibits the __
Definition
thalamus
Term
An enlightened response to light and sound as seen in parkinsons patients is an issue with the ___
Definition
basal ganglia not inhibiting the thalamus
Term
What is like a "box of spaghetti" with all motor tracts going down to the cortex and all sensory tracts going up?
Definition
internal capsule
Term
The epimeric divisions do not give rise to
Definition
longus coli
Term
what organ is derrived from both the midgut and the foregut
Definition
duodenum
Term
the 3rd ventricle is in line with what other structure
Definition
pineal gland
thalamus
Term
dorsal primary rami innervate
Definition
back muscles
Term
what is a collection of sensory nerve bodies
Definition
DRG
Term
what does not synapse in the posterior horn on the spinal cord
Definition
reflex
Term
Where do reflexes synapse
Definition
directly on the motor nucleus
Term
Gamma fibers in anterior horn are
Definition
intrafusal (tone)
Term
Alpha fibersin the anterior horn are
Definition
extrafusal (strength)
Term
The rhomboids and the latissimus dorsi are both innervated by what rami?
Definition
ventral primary rami
Term
the ventral primary rami supplies the __
Definition
anterior muscles and the muscles of the back that are innervated by nerves off a plexus
Term
The spinal cord starts distal to the __ pair of somites in the ___ week of gestation
Definition
4th pair; 3rd week
Term
in the 3rd week of gestation the dorsal plates differentiate into
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
in the 3rd week of gestation the ventral plates differentiate into
Definition
motor neurons
Term
when does the neural tube close?
Definition
4th week of gestation
Term
Neural crest cells give rise to
Definition
DAMESS

Dorsal root ganglia
Adrenal Medulla
Mealanocytes, Microglia, Meninges (arachnoid and pia)
Enteric neurons
Schwann Cells
Sympathetic ganglia
Term
What epithelium is the thinnest cells and are responsible for air and fluid diffusion
Definition
simple squamous
Term
Simple squamous epithelium is located in
Definition
alveoli, capillaries, blood and lymph
Term
What type of cells are in areas of high friction
Definition
stratified squamous
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium is located
Definition
keratinized=skin
Non keratinized=oral cavity, anal, vagina, esophagus

If you are satisfied you are stratified
Term
What type of cells are secretory
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
Simple cuboidal cells epithelium are located
Definition
kidney tubules, glands, & digestive tract
choroid plexus (CSF)
Term
Simple cuboidal cells include
Definition
CSF production, ependymal cells, follicular and parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Term
Sweat glands are
Definition
stratified cuboidal
Term
What type of cells are stretch cells
Definition
transitionsal
Term
Transitional cells are located in the
Definition
urinary bladder, ureters, and kidneys
Term
What type of cells allow for absorbtion
Definition
simple columnar
Term
Simple columnar epithelium is located in the
Definition
stomach, small and large intestine, and glands
Term
What type of cells are part of the reproductive tract
Definition
stratified columnar
Term
Stratified columnar cells are located in the
Definition
uterus (not vagina)
Term
What type of cells are the respiratory tract
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Term
The pseudostratifed ciliated columnar cells are located in
Definition
the entire pulmonary tract: nasal mucosa to terminal bronchiole with exception to the alveoli
Term
Cilia =
Definition
filter
Term
Type 1 pneumocytes
Definition
gas exchange
Term
Type 2 pneumocytes
Definition
surfactant (decrease surface tension)
Term
Dust cells are
Definition
macrophages
Term
J cells are
Definition
goblet cells. (produce mucus)
-defense mechanism incase of noxious air
Term
Dust macrophage cells are in the
Definition
lung
Term
kupffer macrophage cells are in the
Definition
liver
Term
microglia macrophage cells are in the
Definition
brain
Term
langerhan macrophage cells are in the
Definition
skin
Term
Dense regular tissue type consists of
Definition
tendons and ligaments
Term
Dense irregular tissue type consists of
Definition
dermis of the skin
Term
Elastic tissue type consists of ***
Definition
blood vessels (aorta asked most)
Term
Reticular tissue type consists of ****
Definition
lymph nodes and spleen [white pulp](reticular collagen fibers are type 3 collagen fibers) mesh work for the immune system
Term
What is the mnemonic for the layers of the skin from superficial to deep
Definition
Cows Like Green Soft Grass
Term
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is
Definition
Striatum corneum (cows)
Term
the 2nd layer of the epidermis is
Definition
striatum lucidum (like) only found in soles/feet and palms of hands (thickened areas)
Term
3rd layer of epidermis
Definition
striatum granulosum (green)
Term
4th layer of the epidermis
Definition
striatum spinosum (soft)
Term
final layer of the epidermis
Definition
straitum germinativum (grass) Basal layer (aka straitum basale)
Term
What is the basement layer of the epidermis that gives skin its color
Definition
melanin (basal layer)
Term
What is the dermis from superficial do deep?
Definition
papillary dermis
reticular dermis
hypodermis aka subcutaneous tissue/fascia
Term
Parasagittal means
Definition
elbow flexion and extension
Term
The interphase of mitosis describes
Definition
resting
Term
The prophase of mitosis describes
Definition
nuclear membrane disappears
Term
The metaphase of mitosis describes
Definition
chromosomes align at the equator
Term
The anaphase of mitosis describes
Definition
chromosomes moves toward the poles
Term
The telophase of mitosis describes
Definition
separation of chromosomes
Term
what extrinsic muscle of the tongue is innervated by the cranial nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus and elevates the tongue
Definition
palatoglossus (only muscle by CNX)
Term
what's extrinsic muscle of the tongue is innervated by cranial nerve 12 and elevates and retracts the tongue
Definition
styloglossus
Term
the intrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by
Definition
CN 12
Term
What are the largest taste buds and contains the fewest
Definition
circumvallate
Term
The circumvallate taste buds are located
Definition
anterior to sulcus terminalis
Term
What taste buds are smallest and most numerous
Definition
filiform
Term
What taste buds are not involved with taste?
Definition
filiform
Term
Which taste buds are located on the sides of the tongue
Definition
foliate
Term
Which taste buds are mushroom shaped and are located within the filiform buds but are associated with taste
Definition
fungiform
Term
Sweet flavor of the tongue is felt
Definition
anterior
Term
Salty flavor of the tongue is felt
Definition
anterolateral
Term
Sour flavor of the tongue is felt
Definition
posteriorlateral
Term
Bitter flavor is felt
Definition
posterior
Term
The rings of waldever are aka
Definition
tonsils
Term
What are the three rings of waldeyer
Definition
palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal
Term
What are the pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx
Definition
adenoids
Term
What is te nasopharynx opening in the auditory tube
Definition
torus tubaris
Term
When the adenoids swell they occlude the opening
Definition
the eustachian tube (ear canal)
Term
What is the origin of the anterior scalene
Definition
C3-C6 anterior tubercles of TP
Term
What is the insertion of the anterior scalene
Definition
Scalene tubercle on first rib
Term
What is the innervation of the buccinator muscle
Definition
buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
Term
What is the action of the ciliary muscle
Definition
relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens (pupillary constriction)
Term
What is the innervation of the ciliary muscle
Definition
parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (III)
synapsing in the ciliary ganglion
Term
what is the origin of anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Definition
digastric fossa of the mandible
Term
What is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Definition
Mastoid notch of the Temporal bone
Term
What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Definition
Mylohyoid nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Term
What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Definition
facial nerve (VII)
Term
What is the innervation to the dilator pupilae muscle
Definition
sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves; synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Term
What is the innervation of the frontalis muscle?
Definition
temporal branches of the facial nerve


**bells palsy NOT stroke**
Term
What is the innervation of the inferior oblique muscle
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III) inferior division
Term
What is the innervation of the inferior rectus muscle
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III) inferior division
Term
What is the innervation of the lateral rectus muscle
Definition
abducens nerve (VI)
Term
What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Definition
Oculomotor nerve (III) and sympathetics (to posterior tarsal portion)
Term
What is the innervation of the levator scapulae
Definition
dorsal scapular nerve of C5
upper part of the muscles recieves C3/C4
Term
What is the origin of levator scapulae
Definition
transverse process of C1-C4
Term
What is the insertion of the levator scapulae muscles
Definition
superior medial boarder of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine
Term
What is the origin of the longus capitis muscle
Definition
anterior tubercles of vertebrae C3-C6
Term
What is the insertion of the longus capitis muscle
Definition
basilar portion of the occipital bone
Term
What is the action of the longus capitis muscle
Definition
flex the head and neck
Term
What is the origin of the longus coli muscle
Definition
anterior tubercles of C1
Term
What is the insertion of the longus coli muscle
Definition
anterior surface of the body of T3
Term
What is the action of the longus coli muscle
Definition
flex neck, rotate, and lateral bend
Term
What is an important feature of longus coli
Definition
hematoma in whiplash retrotracheal interspace
Term
What is the innervation of the medial rectus muscle
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III)
Term
What is the insertion of the mentalis muscle
Definition
skin of the chin
Term
What is the action of the mentalis muscle
Definition
elevates the skin of the chin
Term
What is the insertion of the middle scalene muscle
Definition
upper surface of the first rib behind the subclavian artery
Term
What is the innervation of the oblique inferior muscle
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III)
Term
What is the innervation of the oblique superior muscle
Definition
trochlear nerve (IV)
Term
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle
Definition
closes eyelids
Term
What is the innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle
Definition
temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII)
Term
What is the action of the obicularis oris muscle
Definition
purses the lips
Term
What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle
Definition
elevates and retracts the tounge
elevates the soft palate
Term
What is the innervation of the palatoglossus muscle
Definition
vagus (X) via the pharyngeal plexus
Term
What is the action of the palatopharyngeus muscle
Definition
elevates the larynx
elevates the soft palate
Term
What is the innervation of the palatopharyngeus muscle
Definition
vagus (X) via the pharyngeal plexus
Term
What is the innervation of the platysma muscle
Definition
cervical branch of the facial nerve
Term
What is the action of the posterior scalene muscle
Definition
elevates the second rib
** longest of the scalenes**
Term
What is a special feature of the lateral pterygoid
Definition
the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth
Term
What is the origin of rectus capitis anterior
Definition
lateral mass of atlas
Term
What is the insertion of rectus capitis anterior
Definition
basilar portion of occiptial bone
Term
What is the action of rectus captiits anteror
Definition
flexes the head
Term
What is the innervation of rectus capitis anterior
Definition
ventral primary ramus of C1
Term
What is supplies the rectuc capitis anterior
Definition
deep cervical artery
Term
What is the origin/insertion of rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
tp of atlas
occipital bone anterolateral to foramen magnum
Term
What is the action/innervation of rectus capitis laterals
Definition
lateral bends head
ventral primary ramus of C1
Term
What is the supply of rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
deep cervical artery
Term
What is the origin/insertion of rectus inferior
Definition
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit
sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball
Term
WHat is the action/innervation of the rectus inferior
Definition
depresses and adduction of the corneal part of the eye;rotates the superior pole of the iris medal
Oculomotor (III) superior division
Term
What is the supply of the rectus inferior
Definition
opthalmic artery
Term
What is the origin of the recuts lateral, medial, and superior
Definition
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit
Term
What is the insertion of the rectus lateral
Definition
sclera on the lateral surface of the eyeball
Term
What is the insertion of the rectus medial
Definition
sclera on the medial surface of the eyeball
Term
WHat is the insertion of the recuts superior
Definition
sclera on the superior surface of the eyeball
Term
What is the innervation of the rectus lateral
Definition
abuducens nerve (VI)
Term
What is the innervation of the rectus medial
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III) inferior division
Term
WHat is the innervation of the rectus superior
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III) superior division
Term
What is the supply of the rectus lateral, medial, and superior
Definition
opthalmic artery
Term
The risorious muscle origin
Definition
fascia of the lateral cheek
Term
The risorious muscle insertion
Definition
skin of the angle of the mouth
Term
The risorious muscle action
Definition
smiling (lateral movement)
Term
what is considered to be the band aid muscle that holds all the other muscles down in the neck
Definition
splenius
Term
What is the origin of the splenius
Definition
ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7-T6
Term
WHat is the action of the splenus muscle
Definition
extends and laterally bends the neck and head; rotates the head to the same side
Term
What is the first muscle to fire when the gun goes off in a track meet?
Definition
stapedius
Term
What is the insertion of the stapedius
Definition
oval window in the neck of the stapes
Term
What is a special feature of the stapedius muscle
Definition
2nd pharyngeal arch
Term
What is the innervation of the SCM
Definition
spinal accessory nerve (XI) with sensory supply from C2 and C3 for proprioception
Term
What muscle causes ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation
Definition
SCM
Term
the temporalis muscle inserts
Definition
coronoid process of the mandible and the anterior surface of the ramus of the mandible
Term
the action of the tensor tympani muscle
Definition
dampens vibrations of the tympanic membrane
Term
What is the action of the tensor veli palatini muscle
Definition
opens the auditory tube and tenses the soft palate
Term
what bone is both intramembranous and enchondrial
Definition
scapula
Term
General sensation to the epiglottis is
Definition
CN IX
Term
Special sensation to the epiglottis is
Definition
CNX
Term
What CN has motor only to the stylopharyngeous
Definition
CN IX
Term
What CN is general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Definition
CN V
Term
What CN is special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Definition
CN VII
Term
Special sensory for taste comes from what CN
Definition
VII chorde tempani branch (inner ear infection you lose taste)
Term
General sensory CN innervation to the posterior 1/3 is
Definition
CN IX
Term
The posterior fibers of temporalis control
Definition
retraction
Term
What muscle is the major occlusion muscle of the mouth
Definition
masseter
Term
What muscle attaches to the articular disc and protrudes the jaw
Definition
lateral pterygoid
Term
What is a major landmark when looking at the anterior triangles of the neck
Definition
hyoid bone (2 above and 2 below)
Term
What triangle is formed from the SCM, Posterior diagastric, and superior belly of omohyoid?
Definition
carotid
Term
What are the contents of the carotid triangle
Definition
carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
Term
What triangle is formed with both heads of the diagastric and the inferior border of the mandible
Definition
submandibular aka diagastric
Term
what are the contents of the submandibular/diagastric triangle
Definition
salivary glands, hypoglossal nerve, myohyoid nerve
Term
what triangle is formed from the scm, omohyoid (superior belly), and the midline of the neck?
Definition
muscular or inferior carotid
Term
What is the contents of the muscular/inferior carotid triangle
Definition
larynx, trachea, thyroid
Term
What triangle is formed by the anterior digastric muscle, and the hyoid bone
Definition
suprahyoid, submental
Term
the suprahyoid or submental triangle contains the
Definition
muscles/floor/mouth salivary glands and ducts
Term
what triangle lies posteriorly and contains the cervical plexus and the accessory nerve
Definition
SCM, Traps, Omohyoid-inferior belly
Term
The brachial plexus, subclavian artery, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, and the terminal part of the external jugular vein are all found in the
Definition
subclavian, supraclavicular, omoclavicular triangle
Term
What are 3 single unpaired laryngeal cartilages
Definition
cricoid (C6), epiglottis, thyroid (C4-5)
Term
The oblique line of the thyroid cartilage is an attachment point for what 3 things
Definition
inferior constrictor of the pharynx**
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
Term
What are the 3 paired laryngeal cartilages?
Definition
arytenoids (attaches to vocal cords)
corniculates
cuneiforms
Term
Voice production is from the ___ *****
Definition
glottis=vocal folds/cords
Term
The posterior cricoarytenoids vocal cords will move in
Definition
abduction
Term
The lateral cricoarytenoids vocal cords will move in
Definition
adduction
Term
The thyroarytenoids will
Definition
relax and shorten
Term
The cricothyroid vocal cords will
Definition
tense and lengthen
Term
What side of the lung has arterial impressions
Definition
left lung
Term
What are the contents of the left hilum from superior to inferior
Definition
pulmonary artery, bronchus, and pulmonary vein
Term
What is homolog to the right upper lobe on the left lung
Definition
the lingula
Term
What side contains the cardiac notch
Definition
left
Term
What are the impressions of the right lung
Definition
venous (azygos vein)
Term
The right hilum from superior to inferior contains
Definition
bronchus and pulmonary artery are most superior
pulmonary vein is most inferior
Term
Where does the trachea begin?
Definition
C6 (inferior margin of the cricoid)
Term
where does the trachea stop
Definition
T4 (sternal angle/angle of louis)
Term
After the trachea bifurcates at T4 the right side is called the
Definition
carinae
Term
The left side of the bifurcation is called the
Definition
principal primary bronchus
Term
Hyaline cartilage is from the trachea to the
Definition
secondary bronchus (terminates)
Term
The pathway of the principal broncus to the alveoli is
Definition
primary, secondary, segmental, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli (simple squamous)
Term
What side has three lobar segments
Definition
left
Term
The left lung has __ fissures
Definition
oblique only
Term
The right lung has ___fissures
Definition
horizontal (4th rib anteriorly and 6th rib posterior)
oblique
Term
What comes from mediastinal pleura and is located inferior to the root of the lung
Definition
pulmonary ligament
Term
What are the 4 types of parietal pleura
Definition
mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal, cervical (cupula above clavicle)
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