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Spinal Anatomy
First Midterm Exam Study Guide
120
Anatomy
Professional
09/15/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the vertebral column also known as?
Definition
spinal column, backbone, spine
Term
What is the number of vertebrae in a new born?
Definition
33
Term
What is the number of vertebrae in the adult? # true and # false?
Definition
26 total, 24 true and 2 false
Term
How many IVDs are there in the adult?
Definition
23
Term
Where are the 1st and last IVDs located?
Definition
C2 and C3, and between L5 andsacrum
Term
What percentage does the IVDs contribute to the length of the vertebral column?
Definition
25%
Term
What are the 2 main pyramids and their extent?
Definition
Long upright L5 to C2, then short inverted sacrum to coccyx
Term
What are the 4 main curves of the vertebral column?
Definition
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
Term
What are the characteristics of thoracic or sacral curves of the spine (3)?
Definition
Kyphotic curves, develop during fetal life, concave ateriorly, and accomodation curves
Term
What are the characteristics of each of the cervical and lumbar curves of the spine?
Definition
Secondary/lordotic curves, appear after birth, covex anteriorly, and compensation curves
Term
What are the abnormal curves of the spine (3)?
Definition
Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
Term
What are the functions of the vertebral column? Which one is the most important?
Definition
Protects, supports, flexible axis, posture and locomotion, resiliency; protection
Term
What are the different parts of any typical vertebra?
Definition
2 pedicles, 2 laminae, one spinous process, 2 transverse processes, 4 articular processes
Term
Vertebral body is also called what?
Definition
Centrum
Term
Vertebral body is covered on is upper and lower surfaces by what?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
Vertebral arch is formed of?
Definition
2 pedicles and 2 laminae
Term
Where is the pedicle that has a shallow notch?
Definition
superior
Term
Where is the notch of the pedicle that is deep?
Definition
Inferior
Term
What do laminae meet posteriorly to form?
Definition
spinous process
Term
Costal elements of the TPs in the cervical region develop into?
Definition
Anterior tubercles
Term
what do thoracic costal elements develop into?
Definition
Ribs
Term
What do lumbar costal elements of the TPs develop into?
Definition
anterior aspects of TPs
Term
What do sacral region of costal elements develop into?
Definition
alae of sacrum
Term
The articular processes form what kind of joints posteriorly?
Definition
zygapophyseal joint, Z joint, facet joint
Term
Each motion segment of vertebral colum is formed of what?
Definition
two vertebrae and three joints
Term
What are the atypical vertebrae?
Definition
C1, 2 and 7, T1, 9, 10, 11, 12, L5, sacrum and coccyx
Term
What characteristics do typical cervical vertebral bodies have?
Definition
small rectangular shape, increasing in diameter from C2-C7
Term
TPs of typical cervical vertebra have what 2 characteristics?
Definition
a transverse formina and an anterior and posterior process
Term
What is special about the transverse process of C6?
Definition
large anterior tubercles that are called CAROTID TUBERCLES, where the carotid arteries pass
Term
What are the two lateral superior lips and one anterior inferior lip called in a typical cervical vertebra? and what joints do they form?
Definition
Uncinate processes that form uncovertebral joints (of Luschka)
Term
What is unique about the spinous processes of the typical cervical vertebrae?
Definition
they are short and bifid (has two heads)
Term
The articular processes are oriented mainly at what angle?
Definition
45degrees
Term
Where do the superior articular facets face in a typical cervical vertebra?
Definition
posterosuperiorly
Term
Where do the inferior articular facets of a typical cervical vertebra face?
Definition
anteroinferiorly
Term
What does the anterior arch of C1 show?
Definition
anterior tubercle and fovea dentalis
Term
The anterior tubercle of the atlas has has attachments for what?
Definition
Longus colli muscle and ALL(anterior longitudinal ligament)
Term
The fovea dentalis of C1 has an articulation for what?
Definition
dens of the axis
Term
Posterior arch of the atlas has a groove on its superior surface for what?
Definition
vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
Term
Superior articular facets of the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with what?
Definition
occipital condyles (atlanto-occipital joint)
Term
Inferior articular facets of the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with what?
Definition
superior articular facets of C2 (lateral atlantoaxial joint)
Term
What is the tuberle on the medial surface of the lateral masses of the atlas an attachment for?
Definition
transverse ligament of the atlas
Term
What are the other names of C2 vertebrae?
Definition
Axis, epistropheus
Term
What is another name for the dens of the axis?
Definition
odontoid process
Term
What does the dens articulate with? what joint does it make?
Definition
the fovea dentalis; atlanto-odontoid joint or median atlantoaxial joint
Term
What is unique about C7 spinous process?
Definition
longest of the cervicle vertebrae(most prominent), not bifid
Term
What are the three main parts of the occiput?
Definition
squamous, lateral(right and left), basilar
Term
What are the main landmarks on the occiput?
Definition
EOP, superior and inferior nuchal lines, occipital condyles, jugular notch, jugular process, pharyngeal tubercle
Term
What makes the atlanto-occipital joint?
Definition
superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles
Term
What is the center of the external occipital protuberance called?
Definition
inion
Term
What are the three types of joints based on their functional differences?
Definition
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Term
What is a synarthrosis joint?
Definition
an immovable joint
Term
What is a slightly movable joint?
Definition
amphiarthrosis
Term
What is a freely movable joint called?
Definition
Diarthrosis
Term
What are the three types of joints based on structural differences?
Definition
fibrous joints, cartilagenous joints, synovial joints
Term
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Definition
sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
Term
What is an example of a suture?
Definition
joints between flat bones of the skull
Term
What is an example of syndesmosis?
Definition
radius and ulna of forearm (interosseous membrane)
Term
What is an example of a gomphosis fibrous joint?
Definition
roots of teeth held in alveolar process of maxilla and mandible
Term
What are the types of cartilagenous joints?
Definition
synchodrosis, symphysis
Term
What is an example of a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint?
Definition
first rib and manubrium (permanent synchondrosis)
Term
What is an example of a symphysis cartilagenous joint?
Definition
Intervertebral disks (IVDs) and symphysis pubis
Term
What are the different types of synovial joints (6)?
Definition
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Term
What is an example of a plane synovial joint?
Definition
zygapophyseal (z joint, facet joint) and acromioclavicular joint
Term
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Definition
interphalangeal joints, elbow, knee and ankle joints
Term
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Definition
median atlantoaxial (atlanto-odontoid) joint and radio-ulnar joints
Term
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
Definition
atlanto-occipital joint and metacarpophalangeal joint
Term
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Definition
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and sternoclavicular joint
Term
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Definition
shoulder and hip joint
Term
What is the type and movement of the atlanto-occipital joint?
Definition
synovial condyloid with biaxial movement
Term
How many atlanto-axial joints are there?
Definition
3 (two lateral atlanto-axial joints and one median atlanto-axial joint)
Term
What are the two lateral atlanto-axial joints?
Definition
synovial plane joints; between articular facets of C1 and C2
Term
What is the one median atlanto-axial joint?
Definition
synovial pivot joint; dens of C2 and fovea dentalis of C2
Term
What is the movement of the median atlanto-axial joint?
Definition
rotation
Term
What is the movement of the two lateral atlanto-axial joints?
Definition
sliding movment, mono-axial
Term
What is the membrane that extends between the anterior rim of foramen magnum and the body of C2?
Definition
tectorial membrane
Term
What does the apical ligament run between?
Definition
the apex of the dens and the rim of foramen magnum (deep)
Term
What is the cruciate ligament of the axial consist of?
Definition
transverse ligament of the axis, longitudinal band (axis to anterior foramen magnum)
Term
What does the alar ligament of the axis connect between?
Definition
(check ligaments) sides of apex of dens to tubercles on the medial sides of occipital condyles
Term
What ligaments are attached to the atlas?
Definition
Transverse ligament of the atlas, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae
Term
Where are the uncovertebral joints of Luschka found?
Definition
between uncinate processes of C3-C7
Term
What kind of joints are the uncovertebral joints of Luschka?
Definition
synovial joints
Term
Where is a frequent site for spur formation in cervical vertebrae?
Definition
uncovertebral joints of luschka
Term
Where does the ALL start and end?
Definition
occiput and anterior tuberlce of the atlas to the pelvic surface of the sacrum
Term
Where is the ALL the narrowest?
Definition
upper end
Term
Where is the ALL the widest?
Definition
At the sacrum
Term
What movement does the Anterior longitudinal ligament limit?
Definition
extension
Term
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found in comparison to the vertebral canal?
Definition
anterior boundary
Term
Where is the begining and end of the PLL?
Definition
posterior aspect of C2 body to the sacrum
Term
Which is stronger: the ALL or PLL?
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament
Term
What ligament attaches to the IVD's posteriorly?
Definition
PLL
Term
What movement does the PLL limit?
Definition
hyperflexion (preventing herniation of the IVD)
Term
What does the ligamentum flavum run between?
Definition
between lamina of adjacent vertebrae (from C1-C2 to L5-S1)
Term
What makes up the posterior boundary of the vertebral canal?
Definition
ligamentum flavum
Term
What motion does the ligamentum flavum prevent?
Definition
hyperflexion
Term
Is ligamentum flavum anterior or posterior to Z joints?
Definition
anterior
Term
What is the ligament anterior to spinal cord?
Definition
ALL and PLL
Term
What are the ligaments posterior to the spinal cord?
Definition
ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligaments
Term
Where does the ligamentum nuchae run?
Definition
from EOP to spinous process of C7
Term
What movement does the ligamentum nuchae limit?
Definition
flexion of cervical spine
Term
Where does the vertebral artery originate?
Definition
subclavian artery
Term
Where does the vertebral artery end?
Definition
inside the foramen magnum and joins the other vertebral artery to form the basilar artery
Term
Where can the vertebral artery be compressed?
Definition
transverse foramen of C2 to C1, posterior arch of atlas, atlanto-occipital membrane
Term
What comes off the fourth part of the vertebral artery?
Definition
Posterior meningeal artery, anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Term
What are the branches of the basilar artery?
Definition
anterior inferior cerebellar aa., labyrinthine aa., pontine aa.,superior cerebellar arteries., posterior cerebral aa.
Term
What are the two main pairs of arteries supply the brain?
Definition
internal carotid artery, ?
Term
What is the arterial circle of Willis is formed of?
Definition
2 posterior cerebral aa., 2 posterior communicating aa., 2 internal carotid aa., 2 anterior cerebral aa., anterior communicating a
Term
What are the typical thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
T2-T8
Term
What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
T1, T9-T12
Term
Besides C7, what could be the vertebral prominance?
Definition
T1 in 33% of people
Term
What is the shape of the vertebral body in thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
heart shaped
Term
What kind of facets do typical thoracic vertebrae have?
Definition
two pairs (4) demifacets
Term
How are the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae oriented?
Definition
obliquely downward and long
Term
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
Definition
the costal facet on the anterior ascpect of the transverse process
Term
How are the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae oriented?
Definition
in a coronal plane; superior articular process face posteriorly, inferior articular processes face anteriorly
Term
What makes T9 unique?
Definition
it can either have one or two pairs of demifacets
Term
What is unique about T10?
Definition
it has one pair of full costal facets (with 10th rib)
Term
What is unique about T11 and T12?
Definition
one full pair of costal facets, no transverse costal facet
Term
What is distinctly unique about T12?
Definition
inferior articular process facess laterally, 3 tubercles homologous to lumbar vertebrae
Term
What are the ligaments of the costovertebral joints?
Definition
radiate ligament and intra-articular ligament
Term
What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joints?
Definition
costotransverse ligament, lateral costotransverse ligament, superior costotransverse ligament
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