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Spinal Anatomy II Unit 4 Quiz Questions
Quizzy Questions for the Final Unit, Palmer PCC
93
Anatomy
Graduate
01/31/2011

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Term
What is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve?
Definition
It is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranial nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum.
Term
What will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate?
Definition
Sternocleidomastoideus M.
Trapezius M.
Term
Branches of the twelfth cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Definition
Genioglossus Muscle
Styloglossus Muscle
Hyoglossus Muscle
Term
Peripheral processes from sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa may be conveyed from the twelfth cranial nerve to what nerve?
Definition
The ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve.
Term
Peripheral processes associated with the twelfth cranial nerve may arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location?
Definition
The dorsal root ganglion of C1
Term
Identify the ganglia associated with the cranial parasympathetic efferent pathways.
Definition
The ciliary ganglion
The sphenopalatine/pterygopalatine/Meckel's ganglion
The submandibular ganglion
The otic/Arnold's ganglion
The intramural ganglia
Term
Which cranial nerves exit the cranial vault via the superior orbital fissure?
Definition
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Abducent/Abducens nerve
Term
Which cranial nerves exit the cranial vault via the jugular foramen?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus Nerve
Spinal Accessory nerve
Term
What are the openings by which the facial nerve and its branches exit the temporal bone?
Definition
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrotympanic fissure
Hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve
Term
Which cranial nerve exits the skull, returns to a cranial fossa, and then exits the skull again?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
In the spinal nerve pathways, where is the cell body of a primary afferent neuron located?
Definition
The dorsal nerve root ganglion
Term
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
Definition
Peripheral sensory/afferent processes and motor/efferent nerve fibers.
Term
What specific types of nerve fibers may be associated with spinal nerves?
Definition
a) somatic efferent fibers
b) pregangliionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers
c) postganglionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers
Term
Contrast the sensory/afferent ganglion with the motor/efferent ganglion.
Definition
sensory/afferent ganglia contain pseudounipolar,primary sensory neurons, and lack synapses
Motor/efferent ganglia contain multipolar, secondary motor neurons and always demonstrate synapses
Term
What part of the primary afferent neuron will be located in each of the five parts of the peripheral nerve system as stressed in class?
Definition
Peripheral sensory process - mixed spinal nerve, ventral primary ramus/division, dorsal primary ramus/division
Central sensory process - dorsal nerve root.
Term
What skeletal muscles are innervated via the ventral primary rami/divisions?
Definition
All muscles of the neck, trunk, extremities, abdominal parietal wall, and pelvic parietal wall; with the exception of muscles innervated by cranial nerves IX,, X, XI in the neck and the splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, and levator cosarum.
Term
What is the function of the enteric nerve system?
Definition
Control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions and microcirculation as well as regulation of the immune and inflamatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and organ system.
Term
What are locations for neurons of the enteric nerve system as stressed in this class?
Definition
The myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal of Meissner.
Term
What function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
Definition
Peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract.
Term
What function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
Definition
Influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut.
Term
In the ascending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
Definition
In a paravertebral ganglion higher than the paravertebral ganglion of origin.
Term
In the decending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
Definition
In a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin.
Term
In the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
Definition
In a prevertebral ganglion of prevertebral plexus.
Term
List, in order, the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber of the splanchnic pathway from the ganglion of synapse to the target organ.
Definition
Prevertebral ganglion of synapse, nerve to the target organ, target organ synapse
Term
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery?
Definition
Inferior cervical ganglion
Term
What is the synaptic location of preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers in the pathway to the salivary glands?
Definition
Superior cervical ganglion
Term
What will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to abdominal viscera?
Definition
The celiac, Superior mesenteric, and Inferior mesenteric prevertebral ganglia
Term
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart?
Definition
1) Paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5
2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion
3) the cardiac plexus
Term
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway?
Definition
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Term
Which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
Definition
Nervi erigentes or Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
What determines the length of the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
The width of the pedicle
Term
What are the generic contents of the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
Neural tissue
Connective tissue
Vascular tissue
Lymphatic tissue
Term
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
Definition
the vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery.
Term
What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?
Definition
the artery of Adamkiewicz or
Arteria radicalis magna anterior
Term
What are the characteristics of the artery of Adamkiewicz?
Definition
It is a left side anterior medullary feeder artery
Located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen
The primary vascular suply of the lumbar enlargement
Term
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
Definition
The external vertebral venous plexus
or
Batson's plexus
Term
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
Definition
The length of the nerve root increases as it decends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases.
Term
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
Definition
The sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
Term
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
Definition
the lumbosacral ligament
Transverse process of L5
Sacral ala
Term
What condition is the result of encroachment of the L5 spinal nerve?
Definition
The far out syndrome.
Term
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
Definition
Tuberculosis
Hemangiomas
Osteoperosis
Term
What are some examples of aquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
Definition
obesity
Pregnancy
Use of backpacks
Term
Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column
Definition
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Intervertebral disc
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Capsular ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Supraspinous ligament
intertransverse ligament
Term
What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in an adult?
Definition
23
Term
What is the organizational patern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus
Definition
They typically lack a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus non aggregated.
Term
What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?
Definition
Notocord cells
Term
What is unusual about the cervical anulus fibrosus?
Definition
It lacks any lamellar or layered organization.
Term
What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
Definition
Collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-counterspiral organization is observed.
Term
What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
Definition
Change in the histology of the cartilage end plate
Term
What part of the intervertebral disc will exibit constant remodeling?
Definition
The transition zone
Term
What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc.
Definition
The paradiscal ramus communicans
Term
What innervates the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc?
Definition
fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans,
fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans
Term
What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notocord?
Definition
the perichordal blastema
Term
What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites?
Definition
the vertebral blastema
Term
What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
Definition
The intrasclerotomal fissure
AKA
The fissure of Von Ebner
Term
What is the function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament?
Definition
It brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column
Term
What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
Definition
Forestier's disease
Term
Newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Definition
Prominant in the cervicals
Occasional in the thoracics
Rare in the lumbars
Term
Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?
Definition
The cervical spine with an 80% Incidence
Term
What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
Greater in Japanese Males over 50
Term
At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?
Definition
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
DISH
Term
In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?
Definition
The lumbar spine
Term
In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?
Definition
The lumbar spine
Term
What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
Definition
It is a yellow elastic ligament
Term
If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function?
Definition
It is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement.
Term
What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?
Definition
It is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
Term
What is the name given to the sperficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
Definition
The funicular layer or part
Term
What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?
Definition
Primarily at L4 (73%)
Between L4 and L5 (5%)
Term
What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
Definition
A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.
Term
What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine covers the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
The ventral slip
Term
What is the ADI?
Definition
The Atlanto-Dental interspace
A radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint.
Term
The occiput-C1-C2 joint coplex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
Definition
60%
Term
What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
Definition
the notochord
Term
Which ligament fills the costotransverse foramen?
Definition
The inferior costotransverse ligament
Term
Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?
Definition
T11/T12
and
T12/L1
Term
Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?
Definition
The iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament.
Term
Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?
Definition
The inferior iliolumbar ligament
Term
Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
Definition
L5/S1
Term
What is the age/gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
Definition
Age 50
Male bias
Term
What seperates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramen?
Definition
the sacrospinous ligament
Term
What is the classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints?
Definition
diarthrosis arthrodia
Term
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
Definition
Nasion
Vertex
Inion
Gnathion
Term
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
Definition
Nasion
Vertex
Inion
Term
What ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
Cribriform plate
Anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
Foramen cecum
Term
What bony feature is prominant in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
Sella turcica
Term
Which cranial nerves exit the skull via middle cranial fossa ostia?
Definition
Optic(2)
Oculomotor(3)
Trochlear(4)
Trigeminal(V)
Abducent (VI)
Term
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
Definition
The nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and middle meningeal artery
Term
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
The tentorium cerebelli
Term
What are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp?
Definition
Skin
Neurovascular
Muscular
Loose Connective Tissue
Periostum
Term
Which muscles lacks any attachment to bone?
Definition
Orbicularis oris
Precerus
Risorius
Term
What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
Definition
Optic canal
Term
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
Definition
lamina papyracea
Term
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra
Definition
Tarsal gland
AKA
Meibomian gland
AKA
Ciliary gland
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