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Spinal Anatomy II Unit 3
PCC winter trimester 2010 unit 3 Palmer
86
Anatomy
Graduate
01/05/2011

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Term
Cervicalization of Occiput
Definition
Occipital bone mayu increase in size or form new ridges, protuberances, or prominences. Atlas is usually unaffected.
Term
Occipitalization of Atlas
Definition
Atlas Assimilation
Atlas is fused in part or completely with the occipital bone
Term
Os Odontoideum
Definition
if the subdental synchondrosis persists beyond age 7.
Term
Subdental Synchondrosis
Definition
the centers for the odontoid process are bilateral and appear during the last trimester. Ossification progresses downward from the dens and upward from the centrum.
Term
Terminal ossicle
Definition
persistence of the subdental synchondrosis beyond age 12
Term
Basilar impression(invagination)
Definition
When the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium persists longer than normal. The weight of the brain deforms the cartilage at the base of the skull. The foramen magnum is compromized.
Term
Dorsalization of C7
Definition
The addition of ribs to C7.
Cervical rib is associated with chromosome karyotype abnormalities is infants.
Usually Asympromatic.
Female Proclivity.
superior A. facet may be BUL instead of BUM
48%
Term
Cervicalization of T1
Definition
Rib may be short or absent.
Facet orientations are possible.
Up to 28% of the population.
Term
Dorsalization of L1
Definition
Facet orientation changes are possible.
Lumbar ribs.
Males more likely to demonstrate dorsalization.
Term
Lumbarization of T12
Definition
Significant shortening of twelfth rib.
Articular Facet Changes.
Term
Lumbarization of S1
Definition
Squaring of the vertebral body
Term
Sacralization of L5
Definition
L5 fused to sacrum.
Term
Sacralization of Co1
Definition
Co1 is prematurely fused to the sacrum
Term
Coccygealization of S5
Definition
S5 segment is seperated from the sacrum and may be fused to the coccyx.
Term
Primary curve
Definition
The Embryo's C-shaped curve with the convexity facing forward. Persists as the thoracic and pelvic/sacrococcygeal curve.
Term
Secondary curves
Definition
anterior/secondary/compensatory curves
cervical and lumbar curves
Term
Cervical Curve develops as a result of:
Definition
Centers of vision and equilibrium appear in the brain.
Musculature attaching the skull,cervical region, and upper thorax develops.
Head is held upright.
Anterior intervertebral disc height becomes greater than posterior disc height.
Term
Righting Reflex
Definition
Coordination attained by the centers for vision and equilibrium and the musculature allowing the head to be held upright.
Term
Cervical Kyphosis
Definition
a primary curve between O and C1
Term
Development of the lumbar curve
Definition
Crawling puts tension on the unsupported lumbar region pulling it forward causing "swayback".
Muscles develop to compensate for "swayback".
Intervertebral disc space is increased along the anterior margin.
Walking further promotes muscle developments and intervertebral disc height differences.
Term
Shift in the Nucleus Pulposus
Definition
Shifts position at the L4 level during formation of the lumbar curve.
Term
Female lumbar curve
Definition
Greater in its convexity than the male.
Term
Right Handedness
Definition
Typically associated with
a R thoracic and L Lumbar curve
80% of population.
Term
Lordosis
Definition
Bending forward condition
Classically any deviation of curve toward anterior.
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Humpback or hunchback condition
Classically any deviation of curve toward posterior.
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Warped or crooked condition
Term
Military Neck
Definition
decreased anterior curve in the cervical region.
Kyphosis
Hypolordotic
Term
Hump/Hunchback
Definition
Increased poserior curve in the thoracic region.
Kyphosis
Hyperkyphotic
Term
Swayback
Definition
Increased anterior curve in the lumbar region.
Lordosis
Hyperlordotic
Term
Lordotic
Definition
Normal anterior curve of cervical and lumbar reegions
Term
Kyphotic
Definition
Normal posterior curve or thoracic and pelvic regions
Term
Hyperlordotic
Definition
Increased anterior curve.
Swayback
Term
Hypolordotic
Definition
Decreased anterior curve
Military Neck
Term
Hyperkyphotic
Definition
Increased posterior curve
Hunchback
Term
Hyperkyphotic
Definition
decreased posterior curve
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Abnormal lateral curve deviation coupled with axial rotation.
Term
Risser Sign
Definition
Used to test for skeletal maturity.
Term
Classifications of Scoliosis
Definition
Magnitude
Location
Direction
Etiology
Nonstructural Scoliosis
Structural Scoliosis
Term
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Definition
Most scoliosis. Unique to individual. "Unknown Etiology"
1-4%
Term
Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis
Definition
Usually resolves spontaneously
L thoracic predominant
More common in males
Term
Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis
Definition
after 6
Females more likely
Term
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Definition
R Thoracic or R thoracic L Lumbar
More common in females
Term
Longissimus Cervicis
Definition
Articular Process
Term
Longissimus Capitis
Definition
Articular Processes
Term
Spinalis Thoracis
Definition
Spinous Processes of T11-L2
Not involved in low back pain
Term
Semispinalis Cervicis
Definition
Articular processes
Term
Semispinalis Capitis
Definition
Articular Processes
Term
Multifidis
Definition
Mammillary Processes
Transverse Processes
Articular Processes
Term
Lumbar Multifidus
Definition
reversed order of the origin-insertion
Innervation is segmental
Term
Obliquus capitis inferior
Definition
Lacks any attachment to the skull
Term
Suboccipital muscles
Definition
increased density of muscle spindles
function as postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints (not prime movers)
Term
Rectus Capitis posterior minor
Definition
attachment to the spinal dura and the atlanto-occipital interspace
Term
Interspinalis Muscles
Definition
Paired in cervical and lumbar
Singel in thoracics
Term
Only muscle to be innervated by dorsal and ventral rami
Definition
Intertransversarii
Term
Lumbar intertransversarii
Definition
Accessory process, Mammillary process
Term
Intertransversarii function
Definition
proprioceptive transducers to regulate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
Term
Longus Colli
Definition
Vertebral bodies
Term
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Definition
Lateral Mass
Term
Anterior Scalene
Definition
First Rib
Term
Middle Scalene
Definition
First Rib
Term
Posterior Scalene
Definition
Second rib
Term
Iliolumbar Ligament
Definition
may be formed by quadratus lumborum
Term
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
Stabilizes 12th rib
Term
Psoas Major
Definition
vertebral bodies
Term
Psoas Minor
Definition
vertebral boddies
Term
Iliacus
Definition
Iliac crest
Sacrum
Term
7 muscle groups innervated by dorsal Rami
Definition
Splenius
Suboccipital
Erector Spinae
Transversospinalis
Interspinalis
Levator Costarum
Intertransversarii
Term
Depolarization
Definition
involves altering the normal electrical change on either side of the plasma membrane of a neuron.
Term
Propagation
Definition
Conveys this impulse (depolarization) along the plasma membrane.
Term
Transmission
Definition
Implies the relay of the impulse across a small distance (synaptic cleft) to other neurons, muscle cells, and a growing list of additional cell types.
Term
Neuroactive substances
Definition
neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators
Neurohormones
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Act rapidly and locally. These substances are the primary chemicals released by neurons.
Term
Neuromodulators
Definition
Slower acting than transmitters, larger area.
Term
Neurohormones
Definition
Slow, but wide spread influence.
Term
Unipolar Neurons
Definition
Identified (most common) during embryogenesis
Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition
Found in:
Nasal Olfactory Epithelium (CN I)
The Retina (CN II)
The Vestibular Ganglia (CN VIII)
The Cochlear Ganglia (CN VIII)
Term
Pseudounipolar Neurons
Definition
Most adult sensory ganglionic neuron cell types.
Term
Multipolar Neurons
Definition
Associated with motor neurons. Multiple projections.
Term
Functional classifications of neurons
Definition
sensory/afferent neurons
motor/efferent neurons
interneurons
Term
Motor Neurons
Definition
Multipolar
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Function by deformation of the receptor ending through touch, pressure, or sound waves
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Sensitive to:
Hypoxia (decreasing oxygen)
Hypercapnia (increasing carbon dioxide levels)
Increases in hydrogen ion concentration in the blood (indicator of pH)
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
Monitor pressure.
Located in specialized vascular sinuses
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Rods and Cones
Term
Distribution-Function combination classification of sensory receptor endings
Definition
Exteroreceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoreceptors
Term
Exteroreceptors
Definition
Found and associated with organism's surface. Two Types:
General or cutaneous sense organs
Special sense receptors
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