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Spinal Anatomy II Quizzy III
PCC Spinal Anatomy Winter 2010 Quiz Questions Palmer
134
Anatomy
Graduate
01/04/2011

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Term
What is the homolog for the PLL at Co1?
Definition
Deep Dorsal Sacrococcygeal ligament
Term
What is the homolog for the ALL at Co1
Definition
Ventral Sacrococcygeal Ligament
Term
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at Co1?
Definition
Intercornual ligament
Term
What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?
Definition
Atlas Assimilation
Term
What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?
Definition
the subdental synchondrosis (a amphiarthrosis synchondrosis)
Term
What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?
Definition
Os Odontoideum
Term
If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called?
Definition
Terminal Ossicle
Term
What is a basilar impression?
Definition
Persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain.
Term
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?
Definition
Males are 2 to 3 times more affected
Term
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?
Definition
the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala.
Term
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
Definition
Centers for vision and equalibrium apear in the brain,
Musculature attaching the skull,
cervical region, and upper thorax together develop,
The head is held upright,
The intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior.
Term
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
Definition
The righting reflex
Term
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
Definition
Crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward,
Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars,
Intervertebral disc height will become greater compared to posterior,
Walking will further promote muxcle and intervertebral disc developement
Term
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
Definition
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
Term
What names are given to conditions associated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
Definition
lordosis
kyphosis
scoliosis
Term
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
Definition
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
Term
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
Definition
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve?
Term
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
Definition
A lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
Term
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
Definition
Magnitude Location Direction Etiology Structural/Non-Structural
Term
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.
Definition
L thoracic, Male, less than 1% incidence
Term
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias, and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.
Definition
R thoracic, Female over 6 years, 12-21% incidence
Term
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Definition
R Thoracic or R thoracic and L lumbar, females, 80% incidence.
Term
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
Definition
Iliocostalis Lumborum pars Lumborum
Term
Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
Definition
Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
Term
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
Definition
Multifidis
Term
Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?
Definition
lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement.
Term
Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin-insertion?
Definition
multifidis lumborum
Term
Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
Definition
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Term
What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?
Definition
Postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints.
Term
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
Definition
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture.
Term
What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?
Definition
accessory process of transverse process L1-L4
Mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4
Term
Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?
Definition
Quadratus Lumborum
Term
What is the origin of the Psoas Major?
Definition
Vertebral Bodies T12, L1-L5, S1
Transverse Process L1-L5
Term
What are the basic morphologies of neurons?
Definition
unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons
Term
What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?
Definition
Nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa's ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion.
Term
What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?
Definition
any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve.
Term
What are the examples of multipolar neurons?
Definition
1. Stellate neurons 2. The motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord 3. Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex 4. Projection neurons or Golgi type I Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. 5. Local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia.
Term
What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?
Definition
Functional specificity
Distribution-function
Structure or morphology
Term
What do chemoreceptors monitor?
Definition
Hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels
Hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels
Elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH.
Term
What is the site or location for chemoreceptors?
Definition
a glomus or body
Term
What do baroreceptors monitor?
Definition
they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending.
Term
What is the site or location for baroreceptors?
Definition
specialized vascular sinuses
Term
What are the examples of photoreceptors?
Definition
rod and cone cells of the retina
Term
What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?
Definition
A) General or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings, and epidermal endings.
B) Special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste.
Term
What are the examples of proprioceptors?
Definition
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, Inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints.
Term
What are the three groups of sensory receptor endings based on morphology?
Definition
Free nerve endings, Epidermal nerve endings, and encapsulated nerve endings.
Term
What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings?
Definition
Palisade nerve endings, Merkel cell endings, and Ruffini corpuscles/nerve endings
Term
What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings?
Definition
Tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles, neurotendinous endings, and Type II slowly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Term
Which of the encapsulated nerve endings are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors?
Definition
Tactile corpuscles or Meisner's corpuscles
and Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
Term
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
Definition
Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
Term
Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion.
Definition
Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses; motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses
Term
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Definition
Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve
Cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve
Cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve
Cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve
Term
Muscle derived from branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Definition
C.N. V or Trigeminal Nerve
C.N. VII or Facial Nerve
C.N. IX or Glossopharyngeal Nerve
C.N. X or Vagus Nerve
C.N. XI or Spinal Accessory Nerve
Term
What are the ultimate target cells of efferent pathways?
Definition
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle fibers
Glandular tissue
Specialized cell types
Term
What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve sysstem?
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Term
What is the location for the secondary sympathetic effferent neuron cell body
Definition
a prevertebral or paravertebral ganglion.
Term
What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway?
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short;
Postganglionic syympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
Term
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
Definition
C.N. III (Oculomotor)
C.N. VII (Facial)
C.N. IX (glossopharyngeal)
C.N. X (Vagus
Term
What is another name for the parasympathetic system based on locations of origin?
Definition
Craniosacral system
Term
What is the comparative length of axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways?
Definition
Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short
Term
What is the name given to, and neuroactive substance associated with, postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
Definition
Cholinergic fibers
Acetylcholine
Term
What specific types of efferent neurons are located in cranial nuclei of origin?
Definition
Somatic motor neurons and primary parasympathetic motor neurons
Term
What is the name given to each region in the central nerve system where somatic and visceral efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located?
Definition
somatic efferent neurons - ventral horn
visceral efferent neurons - lateral horn
Intermediolateral cell column
Rexed lamina 7
Term
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
Definition
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
Term
What do somatic afferents monitor?
Definition
pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception
Term
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
Definition
Olfaction and Taste
Term
What forms the true olfactory nerve?
Definition
fila olfactoria
Term
What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?
Definition
olfactory glomerulus
Term
What is the function of the cone cell?
Definition
provide vision in bright conditions and mediate color vision.
Term
What forms the optic nerve?
Definition
Axons of ganglion cells.
Term
Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?
Definition
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Term
What is the exit from the cranial vault for the third cranial nerve?
Definition
superior orbital fissure
sphenoid bone
Term
What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?
Definition
Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball:
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior oblique

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle of eyelid
Term
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?
Definition
Short ciliary nerve
Term
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?
Definition
Intrinsic eye muscles:
Sphincter pupillae
Ciliaris
Term
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
Definition
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Term
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
Definition
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion.
Term
Typically, primary afferent neurons of the third cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
Definition
spinal trigeminal nucleus
Term
Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?
Definition
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
Term
Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side?
Definition
Right Side
Term
What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?
Definition
It is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain.
It is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate
Term
The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?
Definition
the right side muscle.
Term
Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle (s)?
Definition
superior oblique (extrinsic muscle of eye)
Term
Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?
Definition
the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve
Term
Typically, primary afferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
Definition
Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
Term
The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the _____.
Definition
Great sensory nerve of the face
Term
What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?
Definition
Ophthalmic nerve: Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary nerve: Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular Nerve: Foramen Ovale
Term
What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?
Definition
Ophthalmic nerve: orbit
Maxillary nerve: pterygopalatine region
Mandibular nerve: infratemporal region
Term
The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division?
Definition
Mandibular nerve
Term
Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?
Definition
Mainly in the principal sensory nucleus;
some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus
Term
What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?
Definition
Temporalis Masseter Medial Pterygoid Mylohyoid Anterior Belly of the Digastric Tensor Tympani Tensor Veli Palatini
Term
What are the names of the muscles of mastication?
Definition
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Term
The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?
Definition
lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye
Term
Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the ____
Definition
Great motor nerve of the face
Term
What names are given to the afferent root of the seventh cranial nerve?
Definition
Nervus Intermedius
the nerve of Wrisberg
Term
What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?
Definition
Branchial efferent
Visceral efferent
Somatic afferent
special visceral afferent
Term
Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?
Definition
The Stylomastoid foramen
Term
Into what region of the head will the stylomastoid foramen open?
Definition
the Parotid region
Term
Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?
Definition
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the scalp and auricle
the Buccinator
Platysma
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Term
Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
Definition
Nervus Intermedius AKA
Nerve of Wrisberg AKA
Sensory root of Facial Nerve
Term
Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?
Definition
Greater Petrosal or Greater superficial petrosal nerve
Term
The continuation of the great petrosal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa by what opening?
Definition
Vidian Canal/Pterygoid Canal of Sphenoid bone
Term
Whatare the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
Definition
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Sphenopalatine ganglion
Meckel's ganglion
Term
The maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve enters the orbit via which opening?
Definition
The Inferior Orbital Fissure
Term
Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
Definition
Chorda Tympani Nerve
Term
The Chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening?
Definition
the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone
Term
The chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve?
Definition
The lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal.
Term
In general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus?
Definition
The spinal trigeminal nucleus
Term
What is the nucleus of termination for the central sensory processess from pseudounipolar neurons in the geniculate ganglion which are associated with taste?
Definition
Gustatory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius.
Term
What makes up the vestibular apparatus?
Definition
The saccule
The utricle
The semicircular ducts
Term
In what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified?
Definition
The macula of the saccule
The macula of the utricle
The crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular duct
Term
What is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium?
Definition
stereocilia and a single kinocilium
Term
What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium?
Definition
Scarpa's Ganglion or the Vestibular Ganglion
Term
Receptor cells associated with hearing are observed in what structure?
Definition
The organ of Corti located in the cochlear duct or scala media.
Term
What is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing?
Definition
stereocillia
Term
What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing?
Definition
the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion
Term
The ninth cranial has an apparent origin from what part of the brain?
Definition
The medulla oblongata
Term
What classifications of fibers are conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
branchial efferent fibers
visceral efferent fibers
somatic afferent fibers
visceral afferent fibers
special visceral afferent fibers
Term
What is the name of the branchial motor nucleus of the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
nucleus ambiguus
Term
Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target?
Definition
stylopharyngeus muscle
Term
What is the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Term
Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
Tympanic nerve AKA nerve of Jacobson
Term
Within the temporal bone, preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth craniial nerve will ultimately form what nerve?
Definition
the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve
Term
Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion?
Definition
Otic ganglion or Arnold's ganglion
Term
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic/Arnold's ganglion will communicate with what other cranial nerve branch?
Definition
The auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal.
Term
Peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells, in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion
Term
What target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve?
Definition
Carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus
Term
Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation are located in which ganglion?
Definition
Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
AKA
Petrosal Ganglion
Term
Peripheral sensory processes from the postsulcal (posterior one third) tongue are conveyed in which cranial nerve?
Definition
The Glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
The tenth cranial nerve originates from what part of the brain?
Definition
the medulla oblongata
Term
Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?
Definition
Muscles of the soft palate
Constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Cricothyroid muscles
Palatoglossus
Term
Where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse?
Definition
intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus
Term
What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve?
Definition
aortic body/glomus
aortic arch
Term
Where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated withh taste sensation from the epiglottis located?
Definition
the nodose ganglion
AKA
the inferior vagal ganglion
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