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Speech and Language
Neuro Assessment 10
63
Anatomy
Graduate
12/06/2011

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Term
Communication
Definition
The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information
Term
Speech
Definition
Neuromechanical process of producing sounds to communicate
Term
Language
Definition
A system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols that permits communication. A set of arbitrary symbols that are constrained in their interrelationship by perception, produciton, and central processing rules.
Consists of Semantics, phonology, and syntax
Term
Speech
Definition
Communication thru vocalized sounds (phonation) that form spoken words and sentences
Term
Phonation
Definition
distinct sound produced by the larynx
Term
phoneme
Definition
a distinct sound that contrasts with others
(American English has 25 consonant and 17 vowel phonemes)
Term
Dysphonia
Definition
disturbance of phonation causing alteration of volume
(hyper and hypophonia)
Term
Dysarthria
Definition
Distrubance of articulation caused by impaired motor control resulting in slurring of speech
Term
What are the different types of Dysarthria?
Definition
Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hypokinetic
Hyperkinetic
Mixed
Term
Mutism
Definition
Absence of phonation
Term
What are the organs used in normal phonation? (effector organs)
Definition
Tongue
Lips
Pharynx
Vocal Cords
Term
What can disruption of the motor pathways or to the muscles of the effector organs cause?
Definition
Dysarthria
Term
When is Speech volume increased?
Definition
In Hearing Deficits
Term
When is speech volume decreased?
Definition
Vocal Cord and Extrapyramidal Disorders (Parkinson's)
Term
What happens to speech in fluent aphasia?
Definition
Rate of Speech increased
Term
What happens to speech in non-fluent apashia?
Definition
Decreased Speech
Term
What type of disorders usually has abnormal Articulation?
Definition
Many CNS and PNS disorders and in end-organ lesions
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Loss of ability for spoken and written language
Term
Alexia
Definition
Loss of the ability to read when no visual impairment exists
Term
Agraphia
Definition
loss of the ability to write when no motor impairment exists
Term
paraphasia
Definition
Language errors due to word or sound substitution
Term
Semantic Paraphasia
Definition
Substitution of one word for another
(fork for spoon)
Term
Phonemic paraphasia
Definition
substitution of one sound for another
(moon for spoon)
Term
Neologism
Definition
creation of meaningless words
(woon for spoon)
Term
Semantics
Definition
the meaning or the interpretation of a word, sentence or other language form
(language lexicon)
Term
Syntax
Definition
The system of rules implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language
Term
Prosody
Definition
tone, inflection, volume of words and sentences that add meaning to language. Prosody is a very important aspect of language that can dramatically modify the interpretation of a phrase
Term
What hemisphere is dominant in 95% of Right handed people?
Definition
Left
Term
What hemisphere is dominant in 65% of Left-handed people?
Definition
Left
Term
On a SPECT Scan what area lights up when a subject is instructed to passively view a word?
Definition
Calcarine cortex
Term
On a SPECT Scan what area lights up when a subject is instructed to passively view a word?
Definition
Calcarine cortex
Term
On a SPECT Scan what area lights up when a subject is instructed to passively view a word?
Definition
Calcarine cortex
Term
What hemisphere is dominant in 65% of Left-handed people?
Definition
Left
Term
What area of the brain lights up on a SPECT scan when a subject is asked to passively view a word?
Definition
Calcarine cortex
Term
When a subject listens to a word with no visual input what areas of the brain light up?
Definition
Hershel's gyrus and Wernicke's area
Term
Whe a subject speaks a word what areas of the brain light up?
Definition
facial area of the motor strip
Broca's area
Term
What area of the brain lights up when the subject is asked to generate word associations?
Definition
Language association area
Term
In a Left Hemisphere dominant person, what language functions are found in the left hemisphere?
Definition
Lexical and syntactic Language
Writing
Speech
Term
In a Left Hemisphere dominant person what language functions are in the Right hemisphere?
Definition
Emotional coloring of language
Rudimentary Speech
Term
What are the 6 components of language that should be tested when suspect a language dysfunction?
Definition
Expression
Comprehension of Spoken Language
Repetition
Reading
Writing
Naming
Term
What type of Peri-Sylvian Syndrome is characterized by Reduced verbal output, non-fluent, but Comprehension is relatively spared?
Definition
Broca's Aphasia
Term
What area would a lesion be located in Broca's Aphasia?
Definition
Brodmann's areas 44 and 45
(Broca's Area)
Term
What Peri-Sylvian Syndrome is characterized by normal or increased verbal output, fluent, but seriously impaired comprehension?
Definition
Wernicke's Aphasia
Term
What area of the brain would have a lesion with Wernicke's Aphasia?
Definition
Brodmann's area 22
(Wernicke's area)
Term
What syndrome is both expressive and receptive language function seriously impaired?
Definition
Global Aphasia
Similar to Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia
Term
What area of the brain would have a lesion in a Global Aphasia?
Definition
Large area of the Left hemisphere
Term
What is characteristic of Conduction Aphasia?
Definition
Comprehension and fluency are relatively good
Repetition is poor
Paraphasic errors are common
Term
What Peri-sylvian syndrome developes from lesions located in the supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus?
Definition
Conduction Aphasia
Term
What is the most common cause of Conduction Aphasia?
Definition
occlusion of the angular branch of the LEFT middle cerbral artery
Term
What are patients with Transcortical Motor Aphasia able to do that Broca's patients are not?
Definition
Able to Repeat
Term
What Extra-sylvian syndrome has a lesion location in the Left anterior frontal lobe, superior or inferior to Broca's area?
Definition
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Term
What Extra-Sylvian Syndrome is similar to Wernicke's except that subjects are able to repeat?
Definition
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Term
Where are lesions found in patients with Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?
Definition
Border zone between the Left middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries
Term
What Extra-Sylvian Syndrome is similar to Global Aphasia, except patients are able to repeat?
Definition
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
Term
What Extra-Sylvian Syndrome has a lesion in the border zone between the left middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries?
Definition
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
Term
What can cause Mixed Transcrotical Aphasia?
Definition
Stroke
Severe Hypotension
Term
What is Gerstmann Syndrome?
Definition
anomia
alexia
agraphia
right-left disorientation
acalculia
finger agnosia
lesion localized to Left angular gyrus
Term
Where would a lesion be located if a patient has Alexia without Agraphia? What can cause this?
Definition
Left medial occipital and medial temporal lobe involving the splenium of the corpus callosum
Caused by Branch occlusion of Left posterior cerebral artery
Term
What other visual problems do people who have alexia without agraphia have?
Definition
Right Visual Field Deficit
Right Homonymous Hemianopsia
Info from the Rigth visual field cannot reach the language areas because of the splenium lesion
Term
What syndrome will a patient have if they have fluent Aphasia, they can comprehend, but they cannot repeat?
Definition
Conduction Aphasia
Term
What syndrome if a patient has fluent aphasia, they cannot comprehend, but they can repeat? What if they cannot repeat?
Definition
Repeats?
Yes - Transcortical sensory aphasia
No - Wernicke's Aphasia
Term
What syndrome would a patient have if they have Non-fluent Aphasia, can comprehend and can repeat? If they cannot repeat?
Definition
Repeats?
Yes - Transcortical Motor Aphasia
No - Broca's Aphasia
Term
What Syndrome would a patient have if they have Non-fluent Aphasia, they cannot comprehend, but they can repeat? If they cannot repeat?
Definition
Repeats?
Yes - Mixed Transcortical aphasia
No - Global aphasia
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