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Speech Anatomy
Neuroanatomy
55
Anatomy
Not Applicable
04/20/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Frontal Lobe Divisions

 

Definition

Divisions


1. primary motor cortex

2. premotor cortex

3 prefrontal cortex

Term
Primary motor cortex
Definition

-the strip

-activating and controlling motor acts

Term
Premotor cortex
Definition

-a little further forward than primary motor cortex

- complex and skilled movements; fine motor movements

-speech, hand and finger movement

Term
Prefrontal cortex
Definition

- Exectuive funtioning

-reasoning, abstract thinking, self monitoring, planning, decision making, pragmatic funtion

Term
Frontal Lobe Functions
Definition

Functions

- how we know what we are doing within our environment- problem solving

-how we initiate activity in response to our environment

- judgements we make about what occurs in our daily activities

- controls our emotional response

-contros our expressive language

-assignms meaning to words we choose

-involves word associations

-memory for habits and motor activities

Term
Frontal Lobe Disorders
Definition

Disorders

-Paralysis

-Sequencing

-transcortical Motor Aphasia

-loss of flexibility in thinking

-perseveration

-Attending

-Emotionally Labile

-changes in social behavior and personality

-dificulty w/ problem solving and reasoning

-Broca's Aphasia

Term

sequencing

Transcortical Motor aphasia

perseveration

emotionally labile


Definition

-difficulty planning a sequence of cognive or motor steps

-loss of spontaneity in communicating with others

-persistence of a single motor pattern

-dramatic mood changes; cascades of chemicasl and hormones

Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition

-aphasia in frontal lobe

-site usually Brodmann area 44

 

Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition

Production

-speech is slow, laborious and halting

- phonetic distortions- perseveration

-agrammatism or telegraphic speech

-dysprosody

-lots of fillers

 

Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition

-relatively good comprehension and reading

- poor repetition

-Writing- often like they talk, slow and laborious, frequent misspellings and letter omissions, often sland down across page rarely write in cursive

Term
Parietal Lobe Functions
Definition

Functions

-gross sensation of pain, temperature, touch, etc...

-reading

-naming

-calculations and arithmetic

-cross modal integration of senses- where brain takes diff sources of info and integrates it

Term
Parietal Lobe Disorders
Definition

Disorders

-Contralateral neglect

-motor apraxia

tactile agnosia

-inability to judge spatial relationships

-Anomia

-Agraphia

-alexia

-dyscalculia

Term
Occipital Lobe Functions
Definition

Functions

- visual processing

 

Term
Occipital Lobe Disorders
Definition

Disorders

- contralateral visual field neglect

-difficulty with locating objects in the environment

- color agnosia-difficulty with identifying colors

-cortical blindness-confabulate descriptions and scenes

Term

Temporal Lobe

-structures or areas that are specialized for communication

Definition

- heschl's gyrus: cortical center for hearing

-Wernicke's area: language comprehension area

- Arcuate Fasciculus: axonal bundle connecting wernicke's area to broca's area- if interrupted you loose ability to repeat

Term
Temporal Lobe Functions
Definition

Functions

-hearing ability

-language comprehension

-lexical categorization

-memory encoding

Term
Temporal Lobe disorders (left hemisphere)
Definition

Disorders (? hemisphere)

-hearing/comprehension deficits

-ahasia (lang deficits): comprehension, verbal production, written language, reading, verbal memory or word-finding, repetition

-Dementia: defficits in memory

-sexual dysfunction: lost ability to inhibit

-increased aggression and agitation

Term
Temporal Lobe disorders (right hemisphere)
Definition

Disorders (? hemisphere)

-nonverbal memory

-loss in ability to discriminate tones/musical ability

-deficits in attention

-difficulties with humor and inferences

-pragmatic impairment

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia (production)
Definition

Aphasia Production

-fluent

-semantically inappropriate

-paraphasias are common: wrds that are close but instead of saying cat they say tat

-sometimes called "cocktail hour speech": if you are not paying attention to the words it sounds fine but words don't make sense

-Augmentation: complicating a repeated utterance by adding words and paraphasias

-prosody still intact: content of spch snds normal, if ignoring content

-articulation is normal

-empty speech, jargon, logorrrhea or press speech, circumlocution, word finding

Term
Empty speech
Definition

-substituting general words without referents for more specific words

e.g. moderate- "I went down to the thing to do the other one and she was only the last one that ever did it."

Term
Jargon
Definition

-strings of neologisms with scattered connected words.

e.g. explaining what the patient hasd for breakfast  "That's frinking the ambivuli binai the frigilator."

Term
Logorrhea
Definition

-phenomenon characterized by continued talking, with little to no turn taking. Clients often have to be interrupted

-also known as press of speech

Term
Circumlocution
Definition

-Behavior where patient talks around missing words, knowing the concept but not the word

e.g. discussing what she had for breakfast. "Thismorning for - that meal - the first thing this morning - what I ate - I dined on - chickens, but little - and pig - pork - hen fruit and some bacon, I guess."

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia (comprehension & repetition)
Definition

Comprehension

-comprehension is usually impaired. In severe cases patients may not understand single words

-language spoken or in visual form: includes their own speech

-may have pure word deafness or blindness

Repetition

-fluent

-grossly restricted retention span

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition

-writing resembles their speech: the letters are well formed and legible, but it often doesn't make sense. Most will use cursive.

-Paraphasia: saying tat instead of cat

- Logorrhea also occurs in their writing

-Anosognosia: patients tend to show a lack of awareness or outward concern about their communication problems

Term
Limbic Lobe
Definition

-center section in the brain

- Autonomic functions: food and water intake, body temperature

- hormone and neurotransmitter release

Term
Ventricular System
Definition

Cerebral spinal fluid flows through ventricles, helps cushion the brain

-ICP:intracranial pressure from buildup in lateral ventricals

obstructive hydrocephelis-a blockage somewhere

non-obstructive hydrocephelis-too much production

-lateral ventricals: good to look for to orient yourself

-3rd and 4th ventricals

Term
Cerebral Circulation (from the heart to the brain)
Definition

anterior pathway

aorta from the heart

common carotid artery

external and internal carotid arteries

circle of willis

posterior pathway

aorta from the heart

subclavian artery

vertebral artery

basilar artery

circle of willis

Term
Neurodiagnostic Techniques
Definition

X-Ray

CT Scan (computerized tomography)

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

PET Scan (positron emition temography)

EEG (electroencephalogram)

ERP (evoked related potential)

Term
X-Ray
Definition

-structural

-radiation (film)

-2D not very detailed

-gray scale according to detail

-fairly inexpensive

-sometimes used with radio-opaque dyes; e.g. kidney dye test

Term
CT Scan
Definition

-structural

-radiation (more like a beam of radiation)

narrow radiation beam generators rotate axially around the patient, radiation detectors instead of film are used to analize the radiation beams, the scanner moves up or down the body in regular steps creating a series of image "slices".

-3D, average detail

permits visualization of soft tissues on available from regular X-Ray

Term
MRI
Definition

-structural

-no radiation

-3D, high detail

-relatively expensive

-pace-makers and metal objects interfere with scan

-closed and open

-looking at tissue at molecular level and tissue density

Term
PET Scan
Definition

-functional: using it to look at where diff. funtions are occurring

-some radiation

-glucose is tagged with a radio-isotope

-3D, average detail

-color-coded

-general idea/picture of what's happening

Term
EEG
Definition

-measures brain electrical activity; time varying voltages occuring at different frequencies

-functional measure: not good at telling you where something is happening, it is good at telling you when something is happening

-no radiation

-poor spatial resolution, good temporal resolution

-used a lot with seisure disorders

Term
ERP
Definition

-changes in the electrical activity of the neurons that are temporally associated with physical stimulus or psycological processes

-either negative or positive peaks

-it's hard to pick out an ERP from an EEG so they with average episodes of the same task

Term
CNS (types of cells)
Definition

neurons

-basic building block of the CNS

-15 billion in the CNS

-three basic sections:

1. dendrites

2. cell body

3. axon

Term
Neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine)
Definition

-major chemical messenger that controls voluntary movements

-acetylcholinestrase: breaks down and dissolves Acetylcholine in the synaptic gap

-Myasthenia Gravis: disease characterized by muscle weakness that becomes worse with exercise

Term
Nerotransmitters (Dopamine)
Definition

-facilitates motor function

-parkinsons's disease: tremor, reduced movement, tysarthria

-some recreational drugs (LSD) cause excessive dopamine release

-EI Dopa

Term
Neurotransmitters (Serotonin)
Definition

-regulates sleep, emotion, and pain regulation

-95% of serotonin found in the peripheral nervous system

Term

Neurotransmitters

-GABA:glutamate aminobutyric acid

-Peptides (larger molecules)

Definition
-they both regulate pain perception
Term
CNS cell type: neuroglia
Definition

cell type

-to support and protect the neurons

-40-50 times the number of neurons

four types in CNS

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

microglia

ependymal cells

Term

Astrocytes


Definition

-form supporting network in brain

-form in blood vessel to provide the blood-brain barrier

-form scar tissue around dead brain cells

Term
olegodendrocytes
Definition
-myelinate axons in the CNS
Term
microglia
Definition

-scavengers of the CNS

-engulf dead brain tissue and remove it from the lesion site

 

Term
Ependymal cells
Definition

-contribute to blood-brain barrier

-form lining inside the ventricles where the choroid plexus secrete CSF

 

 

(schwann cells-myelinate axons in the PNS)

Term

Thrombosis (insidious process)

 

Embolism (acute process)

 

TIA (tranient eschemic attack)

Definition

-gradual occlusion of artery, usually by plaque or fatty buildup in areas of slowed blood flow or bifurcation

 

artery is occluded by a mass flowing in the bloodstream, often a disturbed piece of plaque or fatty buildup

Term

Intracerebral: often in region of brainstem

 

-Aneurysm:

-elevated blood pressure

-arteriovenous malformation (AVM):

 

Definition

-ballooning or weakness in vessel wall, usually genetically determined

-malformed or tangles mass of arteries and veins, usually genetically determined

Term

Extracerebral: bleeding into the spaces between the meninges, often cause by traumatic brain injury or TBI

-Epidural hematoma:

-subdural hematoma:

Definition

-bleeding between the dura mater and the skull

-blleding between the duramater and the arachnoid membrane

Term

TBI

Incidence-any time it happens in a period of time

 

Prevalence-the number of people who have it in a period of time, not counting anyone twice

Definition

-7 million incidents each year in US

-2/3 caused by MVA, most of the rest by falls and assault

 

males>Female

most commonly occurs with individuals who are 15-25 yrs of age

Term
Risk factors for TBI
Definition

(not mutually exclusive, somtimes interconnected)

-alcohol and drug abuse

-school adjustment and social history

-socioeconomic status: area in which they live

-personality type: A>B

-previous history of TBI

-participation in sporting events

 

advocate for safety gear but be careful to not come across as judging. e.g. bicycle helmets

Term

TBI

sports higher vs lower risk

Definition

1. boxing

2. motorcycling

3. bicycling

4. rock-climbing

5. horse riding

6. hockey

7. football

Term

TBI

penetrating:

Definition

perforates or fractures the skull and penetrates brain tissue

-damage is often focal in nature

-mortality rate is high if in the brainstem area

-however if patient survives initial injury; prognosis for recovery is often surprisingly good

Term

TBI

non penetrating (closed-head): skull stays intact

1. non-acceleration injury:

 

2. acceleration injury:

Definition

1. head is not moving at time of impact

-impression trauma: skull deforms at point of impact: creates kind of negative preasure, pulls tissue away from brain when it impact is over

-elipsoidal: when head is compacted by a slow moving force

 

2. head undergoes a sudden decreas or increase in motion

-linear accleleration injury: linear path acceleration through center axis: coup/Contre-coup

-angular acceleration injury: off-center acceleration causing a rotation of skull and brain: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

 

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