Term
| What are the four types of stimuli? |
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Definition
Mechanial
Thermal Stimuli
Electromagentic Stimuli
Chemical Stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of experiencing pain known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of nociception? |
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Definition
| To protect the body from pain |
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Term
| What are the four stages of experiencing pain? |
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Definition
Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception |
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Term
| What are the four special senses? |
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Definition
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Vision |
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Term
| What is the technical term for taste? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sense is taste? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the receptors located for tasting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are taste buds made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of tasting... |
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Definition
| Chemical in the food being eaten dissolve in the saliva where they are detected by the gustatoru cells in the taste buds, the nerve endings in contact with these cells they carry the information to the sensory cortex via the glossopharyngeal nerve. |
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Term
| What is the technical term for smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sense is smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of smelling... |
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Definition
| The inhaled chemicals dissolve in the mucoid secretions coating the nasal membranes, where olfactory cells process the information and nerve impulses travel to the brain via the olfactory nerve. |
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Term
| What is the ear used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the technical term for hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sense is hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the process of hearing... |
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Definition
| Vibrations are converted into nerve implused and the carried to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
| Name the three sections of the ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shape is the ear canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of the ear canal called? |
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Definition
Vertical Canal
Horizontal Canal |
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Term
| What two parts make up the external ear? |
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Definition
Pinna
External Acoustic Meatus (External Ear Canal) |
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Term
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Definition
| A funnel shaped plate of elastic cartilage covered with skin |
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Term
| Why are animal able to move the pinna? |
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Definition
| For optimum sound wave collection |
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Term
| Whats the main function of the pinna? |
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Definition
| To funnel sound waves from the environment towards the ear drum |
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Term
| Where does the external ear canal end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the ring of cartilage which supports the horizontal canal? |
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Definition
| The Annular Auditory Canal |
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Term
| What is the skin of the ear canal lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the ceruminous glands produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the purposes of the tympanic membrane? |
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Definition
To seperate the external ear from the middle ear
To transmit vibrations from sound waves to the auditory ossicles |
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Term
| Where does the middle ear lie? |
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Definition
| Within the tympanic bulla |
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Term
| What is the tympanic bulla? |
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Definition
| An air filled cavity which connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear by the eustachian tube |
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Term
| What does the middle ear consist of? |
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Definition
Tympanic Membrane
Tympanic Cavity
Auditory Ossicles |
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Term
| What is the tympanic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the tympanic cavity? |
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Definition
| 3 small bones known as the auditory ossicles |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the eusachian tubes? |
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Definition
| To obtain air for the tympanic cavity, when the animal swallows the eustachian tube opens to allow equal air on each side of the ear drum equalising the air pressure within the middle ear |
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Term
| How are the auditory ossicles linked? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the auditory ossicles connect? |
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Definition
| The tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear |
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Term
| What are the three names of the auditory ossicles? |
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Definition
1. Stapes
2. Incus
3. Malleus |
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Term
| What does the stapes attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the incus located? |
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Definition
| In between the stapes and the malleus |
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Term
| What does the malleus attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner ear is a delicate structure filled with fluid, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the inner ear consist of? |
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Definition
The bony labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth |
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Term
| What is the membranous labyrinth? |
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Definition
| A delicate continuous membrane suspended within the bony labyrinth |
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Term
| What three things does the bony labyrinth consist of? |
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Definition
The cochlea
The vestibule
The semi-circular canals |
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Term
| What type of fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What links the bony labyrinth to the middle ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the membranous labyrinth structure contain that respond to sound and movement? |
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Definition
| Hair like sensory receptor cells |
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Term
| What does the membranous cochlea house? |
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Definition
| Sensory receptor cells which form the organ of corti which detects sound |
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Term
| What moves the small hairs in the organ of corti which are then converted into nervous impulses to be interpreted? |
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Definition
| Vibrations from the ossicles and oval window causes waves in the fluid in the cochlea which moves the hairs |
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Term
| What two sac like structures make up the membranous vestibule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the saccule and the utricule connect? |
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Definition
| Cochlea to the semi circular canals |
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Term
| What do the saccule and utricule contain areas of? |
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Definition
| Maculaes surrounded by endolymph |
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Term
| What are the main purpose of the maculaes in the saccule and utricule? |
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Definition
| To maintain balance when the animal is standing still |
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Term
| Describe how the body maintains static balance |
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Definition
| When the animal is standing still the head makes small movements to adjust the bodies position, the pull of gravity moves the endolymph whoch moves the sensory hairs which transmit nerve impluses to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
| How many membranous semi circular canals are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the semicircular canals? |
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Definition
| To maintain balance when moving |
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Term
| What are the swollen bases at the end of the membranous semicircular canals called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the ampulla? |
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Definition
| sensory hair cells and endolymph |
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Term
| Describe how the body maintains balance when moving? |
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Definition
| when the body moves the endolymph causes distorsion to the hair cells which then send messages to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
| What receptors are found in the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure does the eye sit in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three layers which make up the eyeball? |
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Definition
1. Sclera/Cornea (outer protective layer)
2. Uvea (middle vascular layer)
3. Retina (inner nervous layer) |
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Term
| What is the Sclera, made out of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Sclera? |
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Definition
| To maintain the shape of the eye and protect internal structures |
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Term
| What structure of the eye has a poor blood supply but is well supplied with sensory nerve fibres? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Cornea? |
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Definition
| As it is the first part of the eye to be hit by rays of light, its function is to start focusing these rays of light onto the retina at the back of the eye |
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Term
| What is the junction called where the cornea meets the sclera? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The drainage point for aqueous humour |
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Term
| What are the three structures which make up the middle eye? |
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Definition
1) Choroid
2) Ciliary Body
3) Iris |
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Term
| Where does the choroid lie? |
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Definition
| In between the Retina and Sclera |
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Term
| What does the Choroid contain? |
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Definition
| Blood Vessels which supply all the internal structures of the eyeball |
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Term
| What is the inner reflective layer called which is found in the choroid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Tapetum Lucidum? |
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Definition
| To improve night vision by reflecting light back into the eye |
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Term
| What is the Ciliary Body and which direction do they point? |
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Definition
| They are thickened structure which points towards the centre of the eye |
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Term
| What controls the thickness and shape of the ciliary body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure continuing from the ciliary body holds the lens in place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the fluid which the ciliary body produces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two cavities of the eye? |
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Definition
1) Anterior Chamber
2) Posterior Chamber |
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Term
| What is the division between the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Anterior chamber? |
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Definition
| To maintain pressure within the eye |
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Term
| What is contained within the anterior chamber? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where can the posterior cavity be found? |
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Definition
| Inbetween the lens and retina |
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Term
| What fills the posterior cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Vitreous Humour? |
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Definition
Provides nutrients
Shapes the Eye |
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Term
| What is a continuation of the ciliary body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the free edges of the ciliary body form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the muscles within the Iris and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Circular Muscle
Radial Muscle
Change the shape of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye |
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Term
| Which type of cell gathers information from the photoreceptor cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which cells transmit the impulse from the bipolar receptors to the optic nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of photoreceptors? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| To provide night vision, are sensitive to light but not colour |
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Term
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Definition
| These respond to detailed colour vision |
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Term
| What percentage of cones and rods do dogs and cats have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the term for the area of the retina which can the highest concentration of cones? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An area of the retina which has no receptor cells (where the optic nerve leaves the eye) |
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Term
| What is the correct term for the eyelids? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the name for where the upper and lower lids join? |
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Definition
Medial canthus
Lateral canthus |
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|
Term
| What glands are along the edges of each lids? |
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Definition
| Meibomian Glands (Tarsal Glands) |
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Term
| What is the function of the meibomian glands? |
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Definition
| To protect and lubricate the inner surface |
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Term
| What is the inner protective structure which surrounds the eye? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What lies in the medial canthus? |
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Definition
| Nictitating Membrane (Third Eyelid) |
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Term
| What is the nictitating membrane? |
|
Definition
| A plate of cartilage and smooth muscle supplied with glandular and lymphoid tissue to protect the eye and keep it moist |
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Term
| Which gland is behind the third eye lid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the Harderian Gland secrete? |
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Definition
| Waxy portion of the tear film |
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Term
| What gland is beneath the upper eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Lacrimal Glands produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two openings in the medial canthus do the tears drain into? |
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Definition
| Lacrimal Puncta leading to the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo |
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Term
| Where do the Lacrimal Puncta and the Short Lacrimal Canaliculo lead to? |
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Definition
| The nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct |
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|
Term
| What is the term for extra eyelashes along the margin of the eye? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the term for when the eyelid turns in towards the eyeball? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the term for when the lower eyelid falls away from the eye? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Opacity within the lens caused by diabetes, chemical irritation, ulceration and scarring, can be normal in older dogs and is called nuclear sclerosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased Ocular Pressure |
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|
Term
| How do you measure the degree of Glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
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