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Special Senses
The eye and vision; the ear; chemical senses; developmental aspects
110
Anatomy
12th Grade
12/01/2012

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Term
special senses
Definition
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium
Term
extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus
Definition
accessory structures of the eye
Term
medial and lateral commissure (canthus) of the eye
Definition
eyelids meet at the
Term
tarsal glands
Definition
modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges
Produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye
Term
ciliary glands
Definition
modified sweat glands, lie between the eyelashes
Term
conjunctivitis
Definition
inflammation of the conjunctiva, results in reddened, irritated eyes
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
delicate membrane
lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball
ends at the edge of the cornea by fusing with the corneal epithelium
secretes mucus
Term
pinkeye
Definition
infectious form of conjunctivitis caused by bacteria or viruses
highly contagious
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition
located about the lateral end of each eye
continually release a dilute salt solution onto the anterior surface of the eyeball through several small ducts
Term
lacrimal canaculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
Definition
order tears travel
Term
lysozyme
Definition
enzyme that destroys bacteria
Term
extrinsic, or external, eye muscles
Definition
attached to the outer surface of each eye
Term
fibrous layer
Definition
outermost layer of the eye
Term
sclera and cornea
Definition
what consists the fibrous layer
Term
vascular layer
Definition
middle layer of the eyeball
Term
choroid, ciliary body, iris
Definition
regions of vascular layer
Term
choroid
Definition
most posterior of vascular layer
blood-rich nutritive tunic that contains a dark pigment
prevents light from scattering inside the eye
Term
ciliary body
Definition

muscle structure

lens is attached by the ciliary zonule to this

Term
iris
Definition
pigmented
has rounded opening
Term
pupil
Definition
rounded opening through which light passes
Term
sensory layer
Definition
innermost layer of the eye
Term
retina
Definition
2 layered delicate sensory layer
extends anterior only to the ciliary body
Term
pigmented layer
Definition
outer layer of the retina
composed of pigmented cells that absorb light and prevent light from scattering inside the eye
cells act as phagocytes to remove dead or damaged receptor cells and to store vitamin A needed for vision
Term
neural layer
Definition
transparent inner layer of the retina
contains rods and cones
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
rods and cones
respond to light
Term
bipolar cells and ganglion cells
Definition
electrical signals pass from photoreceptors through this chain of neurons
Term
optic disc, or blind spot
Definition
where optic nerve leaves the eyeball
Term
night blindness
Definition
hindering ability to see at night
Term
optic nerve
Definition
how 2-neuron chain leaves the retina
transmits nerve impulses to the optic cortex
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
a tiny pit that contains only cones
Term
visual acuity
Definition
point of sharpest vision
Term
color blindness
Definition
lack of all three cone types results in total _____
lack of one type leads to partial ___________
Term
cataracts
Definition
lens becoming hard and opaque
vision to become hazy and distorted
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
anterior to lens
clear, watery fluid
Term
vitreous humor
vitreous body
Definition
posterior to the lens
gel-like substance
Term
scleral venous sinus
canal of Schlemm
Definition
located at the junction of the sclera and cornea
reabsorbs aqueous humor into venous blood
Term
intraocular pressure
Definition
the pressure inside the eye
Term
glaucoma
Definition
when drainage of aqueous humor is blocked
pressure w/in the eye may increase to dangerous levels and compress the delicate retina and optic nerve
Term
tonometer
Definition
tool to measure ocular pressure
Term
ophthalmoscope
Definition
instrument that illuminates the interior of the eyeball, allowing the retina, optic disc, and internal blood vessels at the fundus to be viewed
Term
fundus
Definition
posterior wall of the eye
Term
refracted
Definition
bent
Term
accomodation
Definition
the ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects
Term
real image
Definition
image is reversed from left to right, upside down, and smaller than the object
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain here
Term
optic tracts
Definition
fiber tracts after the optic chiasma
Term
optic radiation
Definition
optic tract fibers with neurons in the thalamus, whose axons form _________
Term
hemianopia
Definition
loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes
Term
convergence
Definition
reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects
Term
emmetropia
Definition
when the eye focuses images correctly on the retina
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness
Term
hyperopia
Definition
farsightedness
Term
astigmatism
Definition
unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens cause ___________
blurry images occur because points of light are not focused as points on the retina but as lines
Term
photopupillary reflex
Definition
when the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils immediately constrict
Term
accomodation pupillary reflex
Definition
pupils also constrict reflexively when we view close objects
provides for more acute vision
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
receptors that respond to such physical forces
Term
auricle and external acoustic meatus
Definition
external, or outer, ear is composed of
Term
auricle or pinna
Definition
shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening
Term
external acoustic meatus
Definition
short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
secrete waxy yellow earwax
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
sound waves entering the auditory canal eventually hit ________
Term
typanic cavity
Definition
small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity within the temporal bone
Term
pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
runs obliquely downward to link the middle ear cavity with the throat
Term
otitis media
Definition
inflammation of the middle ear
Term
ossicles
Definition
three smallest bones in the body
transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear
malleus, incus, stapes
Term
bony, or osseous, labyrinth
Definition
located deep within the temporal bone behind the eye socket
Term
cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
Definition
three subdivisions of the bony labyrinth
Term
perilymph
Definition
bony labyrinth is filled with a plasma-like fluid
Term
membranous labyrinth
Definition
suspended in the perilymph
system of membrane sacs that more or less follows the shape of the bony labyrinth
Term
endolymph
Definition
membranous labyrinth contains a thicker fluid called _______________
Term
vestibular apparatus
Definition
equilibrium receptors of the inner ear
Term
static equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
Definition
two functional divisions of vestibular apparatus
Term
maculae
Definition
receptors in the membrane sacs of the vestibule
essential to static equilibrium
report changes in position of the head in space with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving
Term
otolithic hair membrane
Definition
jellylike mass studded with otoliths
Term
otoliths
Definition
tiny stones made of calcium salts
Term
vestibular nerve
Definition
hair cells send impulses along __________________
Term
dynamic equilibrium
Definition
angular or rotatory movements of the head detection
Term
ampulla
Definition
swollen region at the base of each membranous semicircular canal
Term
crista ampullaris
Definition
receptor region which consists of cupula
Term
cupula
Definition
tuft of hair cells covered with a gelatinous cap
Term
spiral organ of Corti
Definition
the endolymph-containing membranous labyrinth of the cochlea
contains hair cells
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
the total force exerted on the much larger eardrum reaches the tiny oval window, which in turn sets the fluids of the inner ear into motion, and these pressure waves set up vibration in the _______________
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
the receptor cells are stimulated when their hairs are bend by the movement of the gel-like _______________
Term
cochlear nerve
Definition
once stimulated, the hair cells transmit impulses along ____________
Term
deafness
Definition
hearing loss of any degree
Term
conduction deafness
Definition
results when something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear
Term
otosclerosis
Definition
fusion of the ossicles
Term
sensorineural deafness
Definition
when there is degeneration or damage to the receptor cells in the spiral organ of Corti, to the cochlear nerve, or to neurons of auditory cortex
Term
Menier's syndrome
Definition
Causes: arteriosclerosis, degeneration of cranial nerve VIII, and increased pressure of the inner ear fluids
procressive deafness, nausea, vertigo, ringing in ears
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to chemicals in solution
receptors for taste and olfaction are classified as _________________
Term
olfactory receptors
Definition
receptors for the sense of smell
Term
olfactory receptor cells
Definition
neurons equipped with olfactory hairs
Term
olfactory hairs
Definition
long cilia that protrude from the nasal epithelium and are continuously bathed by a layer of mucus secreted by underlying glands
Term
olfactory filaments
Definition
olfactory receptors transmit impulses along this bundled axons of olfactory neurons
Term
olfactory nerve
Definition
collection of olfactory filaments
Term
anosmias
Definition
olfactory disorders
Term
olfactory auras
Definition
olfactory auras
Term
taste buds
Definition
specific receptors for taste
Term
papillae
Definition
the dorsal tongue surface is covered with these small peglike projections
Term
circumvallate papillae
fungiform papillae
Definition
taste buds are found on the sides of the large round _________ and on the tops of the more numerous ________________
Term
gustatory cells
Definition
specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva are epithelial cells called ______________
Term
gustatory hairs
Definition
long microvilli
protrude through the taste pore
when they are stimulated, depolarize and impulses are transmitted to the brain
Term
facial nerve
Definition
serves the anterior part of the tongue
Term
glassophayngeal and vagus
Definition
the two cranial nerves that serve the other taste bud-containing areas besides the anterior
Term
basal cell
Definition
stem cell
Term
strabismus
Definition
crossed eyes
Term
ophthalmia neonatorum
Definition
conjunctivitis in babies
Term
presbyopia
Definition
results from decreasing lens elasticity that accompanies aging
farsightedness
Term
presbycusis
Definition
sensorineural deafness
gradual deterioration and atrophy of the spiral organ of Corti
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