Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Special Senses Chapter 17
A&P II Rogers
106
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

The olfactory epithelium consists of three kinds of cells: Olfactory receptors, Supporting cells, and Basal cells

Definition

Olfactory receptors: bipolar neurons with knob-shaped dendrites adjacent to the nasal mucosa.


Supporting cells: columnar epithelium that separates the cell bodies of the olfactory receptors.

 

Basal cells: lie b/w the bases of the supporting cells; they continually regenerate olfactory receptors, which live only a month.

Term

 

 

What is cilia?

Definition

 

 

Olfactory 'hairs" that protrude from each dendrite.

Term

 

 

What synapses with the olfactory bulb?

Definition
the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I); the axons of the olfactory receptors converge within the connective tissue to form the branches of the olfactory nerve.
Term

 

 

What is olfactory adaptation?

Definition
The level of stimulus you're aware of originally, you are no longer aware of after time. (decreasing sensitivity)
Term

 

 

What dissolves odors?

Definition
olfactory (bowman's) glands secrete mucus which moistens the surface of the epithelium and dissolves odors.
Term
Each taste bud is an oval body containing three types of epithelial cells
Definition
supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells
Term

 

 

Supporting cells

Definition
form a capsule which surrounds approximately 50 gustatory receptor cells
Term

 

 

What do each receptor cell project?

Definition
The project gustatory "hair" (microvillus) into the external environment through an opening in the papillae epithelium called a taste pore.
Term

 

 

Basal cell

Definition
are found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue later of the papillae; they produce supporting cells which then develop into receptor cells
Term

 

 

Circumvalate papillae

Definition
are relatively large dome-shaped papillae which are located in the posteior of the tongue
Term

 

 

Fungiform papillae

Definition
are knob-like projections on the tip and sides of the tongue
Term

 

 

filiform papillae

Definition
are pointed threadlike structures that cover the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; they generally do not suuport taste buds
Term

 

 

What is the life span of receptor cells in the tongue?

Definition

 

10 days

Term
At the boundary of the connective tissue, the _____ synapse with ____ of the sensory nerve fibers (provided by cranial nerves __,__, and __, which connect to the medulla
Definition

-receptor cells

-dendrites

-VII, IX, and X

Term

 

What are the five primary taste sensations and where are they concentrated on the tongue?

Definition

Tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweetness and saltiness.

The sides are most sensitive to sourness.

The back is most sensitive to bitterness.

Umami (savoriness;meaty)

 

Term

 

 

Eyelash and Eyebrows

Definition
help protect from foreign objects, perspiration, and sunlight
Term

 

 

Palpebrae

Definition
eyelid that gets its shape from the thick fold of connective tissue known as the tarsal plate
Term

 

What do the tarsal secaceous glands secrete?

Definition
secrete oil which prevents the eyelids from adhering; sebaceous glands are also found at the base of hair follicles of the eyelashes
Term

 

Paleperal conjuctiva

(mucus membrane)

Definition
lines the inside of the eyelid; it is continuous with the bulbar conjuctiva
Term

 

 

Bulbar (ocular) conjuctiva

Definition
covers the sclera; bloodshot eyes are dilation of the blood vessels of the bulbar conjuctiva
Term

 

 

sebaceous ciliary glands

Definition
release a lubricating fluid into follicles
Term
lacrimal glands
Definition
size & shape of an almond that secrete lacrimal fluid
Term
excretory lacrimal glands
Definition
where lacrimal fluid is drained into; they empty years onto the surface of the conjuctiva of the upper lid
Term

 

 

lacrimal puncta

Definition
tears are drained into the puncta after being drained into the ducts; on the nasal side of the eyes
Term

 

 

After the years drain into the lacrimal puncta they drain into the ___, which lead into the ____ and into the nasal cavity.

Definition

- lacrimal canals (superior or inferior)

- nasolacrimal duct

Term

 

 

What pathway do tears take?

Definition
lacrimal gland->excretory lacrimal ducts->superior or inferior lacrimal canal->lacrimal sac->nasolacrimal duct->nasal cavity
Term

 

 

Six extrinsic eye muscles

Definition

1. superior rectus

2. inferior rectus

3. lateral rectus

4. medial rectus

5. superior oblique

6. inferior oblique

Term

 

 

superior rectus

Definition
turns the eye superior and medially
Term

 

 

inferior rectus

Definition
turns the eye inferior and medially
Term

 

 

lateral rectus

Definition
turns the eye laterally
Term

 

 

medial rectus

Definition
turns the eye medially
Term

 

 

superior oblique

Definition
turns the eye down and laterally
Term

 

 

inferior oblique

Definition
turns the eye up and laterally
Term

 

 

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

Definition
directs eyeball, controls lens shape (reflex responses to varying light intensity and focusing of eye for near vison)
Term
The extrinsic eye muscles receive innervation from which cranial nerves?
Definition
III, IV, and VI
Term

 

 

Sclera

Definition
"white of the eye" provides shape and protects inner parts; a dense coat of fibrous connective tissue that covers the eye except at the cornea
Term

 

 

Choroid

Definition
highly vascularized posterior portion of the vascular tunic which lines most of the internal surface of the sclera; provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light
Term

 

 

retina

Definition
nervous tunic; forms the inner coat of the posteerior three quarters, and is covered with abundant blood vessels.
Term

 

 

Cornea

Definition
nonvascular, transparent coat which covers the iris and pupil; admits and refracts light
Term

 

 

Iris

Definition
color portion of the eye suspended b/w the cornea and the lens, and attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes; consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers; regulates amount of light that enters the eyeball
Term

 

 

pupil

Definition
the hole in the center of the iris; contrictor pupillae contraction decrease size of pupil, dilator pupillae contraction increase size of pupil
Term

 

 

lens

Definition
lies behind the pupil and the iris, in the anterior of the cavity in the eyeballs; it's made up of crystallins enclosed by clear connective tissue capsule and held in place by suspensory ligaments
Term

 

ciliary body and muscles

Definition
consists of ciliary muscle which alter the shape of the lens, and the ciliary processes on the interla surface, where epithelial cells secrete aqueous humor
Term

 

 

suspensory ligaments

(zonular fibers)

Definition
extend from ciliary process and attach to the lens
Term

 

 

ora serrata

Definition
jagged anterior margin of the retina to a point just posterior to the junction of the sclera and cornea
Term

 

 

anterior cavity

Definition
divided into the anterior and posterior chamber; filled with aqueous humor, secreted by the ciliary processes behind the iris
Term

 

 

anterior chamber

Definition
behind the cornea and in front of the iris; filled with aqueous humor
Term

 

 

posterior chamber

Definition
filled with aqueous humor; behind the iris and in front of the suspensory ligaments and lens
Term

 

 

vitreous chamber

Definition
posterior cavity of the eyeball (large space behind the lens)
Term

 

 

vitrous body

Definition
jellylike substance which provides the remaining itraocular pressure; does not undergo continual replacement unlike the aqueous humor
Term

 

 

macula lutea

Definition
yellow spot in the center of the retina
Term

 

 

central fovea

Definition
contains cones, layers of bipolar and glanglion cells; area of highest visual acuity
Term

 

 

optic disc

Definition
"blind spot"; in the center of the retina; the site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball
Term

 

 

optic nerve (II)

Definition
carries different impulses associated with vision
Term

 

 

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

Definition
outercoat of the eyeball consisting of the cornea (anterior) and sclera (posterior)
Term

 

 

Which two structures of the eye are transparent and focus light?

Definition
lens and cornea
Term

 

 

 

What is a cataract?

Definition
loss of transparency of the lens
Term

 

 

What makes up the vascular tunic?

Definition
middle layer of the eyeball that has three portions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Term

 

 

What are rods and cones and how do they differ in function?

Definition
Rods (night vision)  are highly branched they converge on one neuron, they collect dim images and focus othem on one neuron.  Cones (day vision) are connected one by one and have higher acuity
Term

 

 

Where are cones most concentrated?

Definition
bright light; color/day vision
Term

 

 

Where is highest concentration of rods?

Definition
dim light; black and white/night vision
Term

 

 

 

Relationship b/w photoreceptors, pigmented epithelium, bipoal cells

Definition
Each photoreceptor (rodor cone) contains an "outer segment" proximal to the pigmented epithelium, and an "inner segment" proximal to the synapse with the bipolar cells. 
Term

 

 

What are the neaural cells of the retina?

Definition
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
Term

 

 

Pathway of nerve signal in retina

Definition

1. light penetrates retina

2. rods and cones transduce light into action potentials

3. rods and cones excite bipolar cells

4. bipolar cells excite ganglion cells

5. axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve leaving the eyeball, to thalamus and then the primary visual cortex

Term

 

 

Visual pathway of the brain

Definition

1. The axons of the ganglion cells of the retina converge at the posterior aspect of the eyeball annd exit from the eye as the optic nerve.

2. At the optic chiasma, the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side.

3. The fiber tracts thus formed are called the optic tracts.  Each optic tract contains fibers from the medial side of the opposite side.

4. The optic tract fibers synapse with neuron in the lateral geniculate body, terminating in the visual cortex in the occiptal lobe of the brain.

Term

 

 

What is the optic chiasma?

Definition
a crossing point of optic nerves
Term

 

 

Where is the function and location of the primary visual area?

Definition
occiptal lobe
Term

 

 

What is the function and locationg of aqeous humor?

Definition
nourishes the lens and cornea; produces intraocular pressure
Term

 

 

Ciliary processes

Definition
secrete aqueous humor
Term

 

 

Scleral Venous Sinus

Definition
canal of Schlemm; where the aqueous humor drains into after the anterior chamber
Term

 

 

What is intraocular pressure?

Definition
produced by aqueous humor; normally 16mm Hg
Term

 

 

What is glaucoma?

Definition
excessive intraocular pressure causes degeneration of the retina
Term

 

 

What is myopia and how is it corrected?

Definition
nearsightedness; corrected by a concave lens
Term

 

 

What is hyperopia and how is it corrected?

Definition
farsightedness; corrected with a convex lens
Term

 

 

What is astigmatism and how is it corrected??

Definition
blurred vision due to unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea; it is corrected by a lens which compensates for the irregularity
Term

 

 

What is refraction?

Definition
bending of light as it passes from one substance (air) into  a second substance with a different desnity (cornea)
Term

 

 

What is accomodation?

Definition
a change in lens shape which focuses near objects
Term

 

 

What is presbyopia?

Definition
when accomodation deteriotates
Term

 

 

What is binocular vision?

Definition
both eyes focus on one set of objects
Term

 

 

What is convergence?

Definition
medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects
Term

 

 

What is stereopsis?

Definition
sensation of depth from the two slightly different projections of the world into the retina of the two eyes
Term

 

 

dominant view

Definition
the eye with the better view
Term

 

 

depth perception

Definition
the slightly differences b/w the views seen by two eyes are fused by the higher centers of the visual cortex
Term

 

 

Outer ear

Definition

- auricle (pinna); helix (rim of auricle); lobule (inferior protion of aurcile)

- external auditory canal (meatus) lies in the temporal bone and produces cerumen

- tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles

Term

 

 

auditory (eustachian) tube

Definition
connects with the nasopharaynx; it is open to infections causing fluid that can damage the ear; when swallowing and yawning it relives pressure and fluid pressure on both sides of the ear drums
Term

 

 

auditory ossicles

Definition
in the middle ear; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrups)
Term

 

 

cochlea

Definition

 

 

 

bony spiral canal (snail shell); sensory receptors for hearing and nerve impulses are located here

Term

 

 

oval window

Definition
membrane covered opening b/w middle and inner ear where the footplate of the stapes fits
Term

 

 

round window

Definition
acts a pressure relief valve for the increased fluid pressure in the scala tympani; bulges into the tympanic cavity
Term

 

 

vestibule

Definition
contains receptors for the sense of balance
Term

 

 

utricle & saccule

Definition
sac found in vestibule, site of maculae, and functions in static equilibrium
Term

 

 

semicircular canal

Definition
inner ear, contains receptors dor sense of balance
Term

 

 

ampullae

Definition
the swellings at the ends of the semicircular canals
Term

 

 

vestibular and cochlear branches of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Definition
nerve impulses get sent to the brain
Term

 

 

bony labyrinth

Definition
consits of the vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea
Term

 

 

membranous labyrinth

Definition
membranous tubes and sacs surrounded by the bony labryinth
Term

 

 

perilymph

Definition
fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid found in b/w the bony and membranous labryinth
Term

 

 

endolymph

Definition
fluid similar to interstital fluid but high in K+
Term

 

 

scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Definition
both filled with perilymph
Term

 

 

cochlear duct

Definition
contains the spinal organ of Corti
Term

 

 

basilar membrane

Definition
membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
Term

 

 

vestibular membrane

Definition
membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
Term

 

 

tectorial membrane

Definition
a gelarinous membrane which extends into the endolymph and gently covers the hair receptors
Term

 

 

What do the basal ends of the hair cells synapse with?

Definition
synapse with the fibers of the cochlear branch
Term

 

 

Part of the bony labryinth

Definition
scala tymani and scala vestibuli
Term

 

 

part of the membrane labryinth

Definition
cochlear duct, basilar membrane, vestibular membrane, tectoral membrane, and hair cells fo the spinal organ
Supporting users have an ad free experience!