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SPA3101 Respiration framework/musculatare
n/a
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/28/2013

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Cards

Term
Inhalation/Inspiration
Definition
Air is taken in through respiratory tract
Term
Exhalation/Expiration
Definition
Expulsion of carbon dioxide
Term
Larynx
Definition

Divides the airway into upper and lower respiratory tracts

Houses vocal folds 

Protection of the airway 

Term
Trachea
Definition

Open back because esophagus attaches to it   Three membranes: fibrous membrane     

                                       intratrachael fibroelastic

                              mucous membrane

Term
Cilia
Definition

Housing in the mucous membrane

Located within trachea and respiratory branches to protect the lungs 

Term
Trachea
Definition

First cartilage attaches to the larynx

Last cartilage separates into the main stem of the bronchi at the carina

Term
Bronchi
Definition

This is where the trachea divides into two cartilage-ringes tubes

Bronchial tubes eventually divide into bronchioles

Right is larger than left because it doesn't house the heart 

Term
Lungs 
Definition

Passive- not a muscle 

Where the chest wall moves so do the lungs, due to pleural linkage

 

Term
Pleura 
Definition

Three types: visceral pleura (outside lungs)

parietal pleura (inside chest wall)

interpleura space (lines inner walls of thoracic cavity)

Term
Pleura 
Definition

Function: Reduce friction

Negative intrapleural pressure

protection of lungs 

keeps lungs and thorax together 

Term
Thoracic Cavity 
Definition

Made up by the diaphragm and lungs

 

Term
Diaphragm
Definition

Makes up the floor of the thoracic cavity 

Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Primary muscle for inspiration

Term
Lungs location
Definition
Lie within thoracic cavity which is a protective framework
Term
The Vertebral Column
Definition

-Made of 24 short segments of bone (vertebrae) and 2 larger pieces (the sacrum and the coccyx)

-7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum and coccyx

Term
Atlas
Definition
1st cervical vertebrae which the skull rests upon
Term
Axis
Definition
2nd cervical vertebrae where head rotations occurs
Term
Intervertebral discs
Definition

separate the vertebrae

-amphiarthrodial/yielding joints

-fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

-acts as a cushion between vertebrae

Term
Vertebral foramen
Definition
the holes in the centers of the vertebrae, aligned to form a tube (tube contains and protects the spinal cord)
Term
Spinal cord
Definition
the main trunk of the nervous system
Term
Ribs are hinged to the vertebrae of the thoracic region (T1-T12) forming a cage
Definition

-attach to the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

-the cage serves to protect the heart and lungs

-the ribs give a fair degree of rigidty to the thoracic cavity

Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition

-Made up of paired coxal(or hip) bones

-Together with the sacrum and coccyx these form the bony pelvis

-Supporting structure to which lower limbs are attached

 

Term
Important for speech
Definition

-pelvic girdle

-attachments for abdominal muscles and provides a "floor" for the abdominal viscera 

Term
Viscera
Definition
all organs of ventral (anterior) body cavity
Term
Abdominal
Definition
Between diaphragm and pelvic cavity
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
Contains bladder, final portion of large intenstine and some reproductive organs
Term
Pectoral Girdle 
Definition

2 parts:

-Clavicle: collar bone

-Scapula: shoulder blade

 

Term
Sternum
Definition
midline structure that ribs are attached to via the coastal cartilage
Term
Sternum consists of three parts
Definition

-Manubrium: top part

-Corpus: body

-Xiphoid process: muscle attachment (diaphragm)

Term
Ribs
Definition

-12 pairs of ribs

-  1-7 increase in size

-   8-12 decrease in size 

-Creates a barrel-like shape to the thorax

Term
Rib
Definition

-long curved bone

-shaft, head, neck, and tubercle

 

Term
Curve of rib
Definition
Downward and back up
Term
Respiration is controlled by which system?
Definition
nervous system
Term
Respiration
Definition
process of exchanging gas in the body here red blood cells give up carbon dioxide and take on new oxygen
Term
Inhalation/ Inspiration
Definition
air is taken through respiratory tract to lungs and held there until oxygen replaces carbon dioxide via blood gas exchange sites at the alveoli
Term
Expiration
Definition
expulsion of carbon dioxide through tract out into the atmosphere
Term
Air molecules want to move from areas of ______ pressure to ______ pressure
Definition
high; low
Term
the lungs are _______ and _______
Definition
elastic; passive
Term
The lungs can be ________ or ________
Definition
enlarged; compressed
Term
Boyle's law
Definition
inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature
Term
To inhale, we must
Definition

1. Increase the volume of the lungs. That in turn, decreases air pressure within our lungs relative to atmospheric air pressure outside of our bodies

2. The air pressure difference between the enlarged lungs and outside air is instantly equalized by air moving into the expanded lungs

Term
To exhale, we must
Definition

1. Decrease the volume of the lungs. That in turn increases air pressure within our lungs relative to atmospheric air pressure outside of our bodies

2. The air pressure difference between the compressed lungs and outside air is instantly equalized by air moving out of the compressed lungs

Term
We produce speech primarily during
Definition
exhalation
Term
Inhalation
Definition
When the thoracic cavity expands (through active muscle contraction), lung volume increases. Air molecules are less compressed, creating negative pressure, and air flows into the lungs
Term
Exhalation
Definition
When the thoracic cavity reduces size, lung volume decreases. Air molecules are compressed, creating positive pressure. Air then flows out of the lungs.
Term
Two types of inhalation
Definition

1. Quiet inhalation (or resting)

2. Forced inhalation (or labored)

Term
Forced inhalation
Definition

-when you're acitve, running

-lowers diaphragm by 4 inches

Term
Muscles of quiet inhalation
Definition

1. Diaphragm

2. External Intercoastal Muscles

Term
Diaphragm 
Definition

-Lies between thoracic cavity above and abdominal cavity below. 

-Dome shaped when relaxed, flattens on inspiration

Term
Most important muscle for inhalation
Definition
diaphragm
Term
Central tendon
Definition
location for other muscles to attach to from inside the diaphragm
Term
External intercostal muscles
Definition
located between the ribs
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
lowers/flattens, increases the size of the thoracic cavity, increasing lung volume
Term
External Intercostals
Definition

-Increase the size of the thoracic cavity

-Shorten when they contract

Term
External intercostals
Definition
Inspiration
Term
Internal intercostals
Definition
expiration
Term
Muscles of forced inspiration
Definition
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, subclavius, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, costal levators, serratus posterior superior, and latissimus dorsi
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
raises the sternum and indirectly the ribs, increases lung volume
Term
Scalene Muscle Group
Definition
lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume, expands thoracic cavity
Term
Subclavius
Definition
lifts the first rib
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition

-largest chest muscle

-lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume

Term
Pectoralis minor
Definition
lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume
Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition

-punching muscle

-pulls and raises ribs back, increases lung volume

Term
Costal Levators
Definition
lifts the rib cage, increases lung volume
Term
Serratus Posterior Superior
Definition
Raises ribs thus increasing lung volume
Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
can elevate and depress ribs (one portion elevates another portion depresses ribs)
Term
Muscles of expiration
Definition

-Responsible for decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity

-Abdominal muscles of expiration can push up on diaphragm thus reducing vertical dimension of thorax

-Thoracic muscles of expiration act upon the ribs essentially depressing them to reduce thoracic dimensions

Term
Two types of exhalation
Definition

1. Quiet exhalation

2. Active exhalation

Term
Muscles of Quiet expiration
Definition

-Passive expiration is accomplished by nonmuscular forces (recoil forces) 

-Potential stored energy resulting from the stretched inspiratory muscles is released

Term
Muscles of active expiration
Definition
rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis, serratus posterior inferior, quadratus lumborum, and internal intercostals
Term
Rectus abdominis
Definition

-Rectus: "strapped shaped"

- reduces lung volume

 

Term
External oblique
Definition

-Very strong muscle

-Pulls down the rib cage, lowers lung volume

Term
Abdominal Aponeurosis
Definition

-for expiration

 

Term
Internal oblique
Definition

-Oblique= "at an angle"

-pulls down the rib cage, decreases lung volume

Term
Transverse Abdominal Muscle
Definition
Compresses abdominal components
Term
Serratus posterior inferior
Definition
Draws lowest four ribs downward aiding in forced exhalation, decreases lung volume
Term
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
contraction of this muscle as a whole compresses the lower portion of the thoracic cage
Term
Internal Intercostals
Definition

-For expiration

-Lowering ribcage during forced exhalation

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