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| Was: Persia Now: Iran. Ruled South Asia |
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| In: Central Asia Capital: Turkey |
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| The Rise and the Fall of the Mughal Empire |
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| (1526-1707) 1500s a Muslim dominated area |
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Founder of the Mughal Empire
Ruled from 1483-1530
Babur's son ruled in 1530 |
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Ruled India - (1483-1530)
Leads to the spread of Islam
Gains lots of territory
Different religious policies
Did not rule with Muslim/Islamic law(Sharia law) - Dynastic
No force conversion |
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Built by Shajahan in the 1630s
During the 1857 rebellion; British soldiers went to the Taj Mahal and defaced it.
Restoration in 1908 |
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| The Crisis of the Mughal Empire |
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Definition
(1600-1700s)
Political problems
- War of succession
- Fiscal Crisis
-Heavy tax burdens
- War
- Jizyat tax
- Collapse with Hindi Warriors |
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Spain - The Americas
Britain - Asia
Portugal - Brazil, South Asia
The Dutch
The French |
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Free market economy, private, money $, exchange good for goods (barter), currency, surplus
Mass production, agricultural revolution, crops that simulate crops. |
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| Creates value colonialism allows capitalism to grow |
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1) Spices
2) Tea
3) Gold
4) Rubber
5) Textiles
6) Opium & Tobacco |
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1700s pd. of decline
- The arrival of the the portuguese
- Commercial empire of Dutch, English, & France companies
- Commercial rev. in India
- Banking system
- Separation b/w political and economic elites |
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| Transition to Colonialism |
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Definition
| British gad technology, organized military groups, weapons & military, gun, gun powder, strong navy, advanced warfare techniques, contest of the seas, industrialization, migration, factory production, raw goods. |
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| The Battle of Plassey (1757) |
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| British East Indian Company |
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Definition
Successful because
- Profit based
- Structure system/ effienct system
- Profitable
- Small overhead
- Joint stock
- Education for locals
- First three unis in India |
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| Warren Hasting, leader/governor of Bengal. |
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| Taxation of people in India creating laws. |
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| How did the British take over control of Indian? |
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Expansion of British power
- Began taxation
- Promised protection to local kingdoms
- 100,000 men can rule over 200 million Indian People |
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- Teaching English/English language becomes a priority
- Macaulay's "Minute"
- Hindu College in Calcutta in 1819
Young students (Elites) |
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| British Gov took control over East Indian Company through a series of legislation = EIC subordinate to GOV by 1800 |
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Bengal Famine of 1770 (Occurred b/w 1769-1773)
Killed 1 out of 3 in Bengal, leading 33% to death of over 15 million people |
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| - Drought, diseases in crops, short fall in food production, mismanagement of resources |
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- First governor of general territories, 1772
- CREATED a system of governance in India
- Despotism of East v just governance of West |
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| Parliament Representative (Enlightenment) |
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- Hastings (interpretation of Indian laws)
- Difference b/w Hindu + Muslims
- Colonial form of governance
- Establishment of permanent settlement
- Indian civil service; Military |
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- Hindu law
- Sharia law [Both a standard code]
Hastings Indian laws - Too much interpretation from the Brits (so a standard code develops)
Distinguish the differences (b/w Muslims vs Hindus) Causes antagonism |
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| Only Europeans are allowed to collect taxes of Indians |
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| Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 |
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Definition
1) Landowners become official property owners (before a system of inheritance)
- people could not buy or sell property the same way
- system of dead - can sell land
- selling property for the first time
2) Fixes taxation
Gaining capital
Displaces aristocracy |
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| People are being recruited for the military - taxation, judges, new jobs = new services |
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Indian soldiers
1789 - 100,000 soldiers
200,000 people in the army
Mercenaries - hiring to fight
- Had the LARGEST standing army in Europe.
Get a pension $$ for loyalty |
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Along w/ gov restructuring, new forms of knowledge production
- Asiatic society (ancient texts in India)
Mapping as colonial order |
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Sanskrit/Latin/Ancient Greek (languages)
Need to know ancient laws of India
*glorious civilization* early math |
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Superior race
Upper Western Europe
Mate w/ the indigenous population of India |
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New form of rules and government
taxation
laws
military
Indian civil service
new property regime |
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| English Education in India |
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| Indian penal code *uniform criminal legal code* |
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Civil
- tax
- marriage
Criminal
- murder
- vandalism |
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Linear construction of progress
(A scale of civilizations) |
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Permanent Settlement in Bengal
Creation of class of landlords - increase in land holding
Complete oversight of the rights of peasant |
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| Significance of political changes |
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Definition
- influence Indian society & politics at grassroots level through domination of land holding class
- New intermediaries
- Intro of new economic forms
- Decline of artisan (Made by hands)
- Factories in Euro + U.S
- Indian becoming market of the Brits
- Cotton textile products
- Introduction cash crops
- Indigo, opium monopoly, tea (things that can not be eaten) |
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SEPOY REBELLION - MUTINY
* Did not want to load guns bc of the animal fat on the guns (any animal)
Pork (Muslims against it)
Cow ( Hindus against it) |
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| Political + Social causes of the 1857 mutiny |
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Definition
1) Brits were annexing land in a massive scale - North India
2) Bahadur Shan II dies - 1850s
Last mughal empire emperor
Officially ends all of the connections to the mughal empire
3)British brutal to the Indians
4) Brits set up courts was biased towards Euros - justice system not fair
5) Sepoys were deprived of good $$$ & could not get promoted in the army |
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| Bengal Native infantry regiment |
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Refused to use the guns with animal fat
prisoned by the Brits |
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Sepoys start mutiny
North + West of Dehli |
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| Sepys reach Dehli; take over redfort |
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| Revolt erupted in the state of Awadh (Oudh) |
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Kingdom annexed in 1853
- goes on to battle on horseback and died in combat (defeated in 1858)
First war for independence
BRITS WIN |
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| Why did the Rebellion fail? |
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Definition
1) Revolt was localize
2) Brits had better resources
3) Conflicting loyalities |
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- EIC abolished [after 1857]
- Brits and Mughal Empire
- Brits take over direct administrative duties |
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The Brits pass gov of Indian act 1858
EIC OVER; BRITS TAKE OVER
Indians could not handle full government - Brits take over
Brits worried about using Indians in their army
Bengals - NOT LOYAL
Punjabis; Gurkhas - LOYAL good soldiers |
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Divide + conquer
- diff people ruled more broadly
- The ethnocentric state
Increase tension |
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| Revolution of the steam engine |
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Definition
- Plan for railways (guaranteed profit system)
- Great reduction in transportation costs
- Circulation of people for labor
- Envision a population
- Mass commercialization of agriculture and cash crop production |
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Definition
Fifth largest in 19th cen
West to Eastern India
- more linguistic India
Indentured servitude
-Britain
- Guyana (South America)
- Western Americas
- East Africa (Kenya)
- South Africa |
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Definition
- Devastating famine
changes in demographic
*connected to colonial foreign trades*
0 urbanization decrease prduction of arg.
2) participating in industry not food production
3) dependent on external food supply
4) increase in population
5) decrease in disease
* progressive nature of British rule |
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| Colonial civilizing mission |
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Definition
Benevolent aspects to their empire
- education, post office, "progress", railroads, institutions |
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Viceroy of India
LAISSEZ-FAIRE |
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Wealth of Nation (1776)
Any food or charity would diminish
The work Ethic of Indians
Work program to build railroads
Live in a camp = pay in food plus small amount of $
rations of 1600 calories |
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Funds to tax peasants
Funds not used for famine, but for trade agreements |
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Empress of India
Week long feast that fed 70,000 Brits officials
100,000indians died of famine
7.5 million people died of starvation |
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| The Colonial state after 1857 |
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Definition
Fear + Racism after 1857 rebellion
New institutions to control pop.
Census introduced new categories to organize
differentiation of castes and religious groups |
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Definition
Quantify a population
Survey of a population
classifies population
- race
- religion
- class
- age
- sex/ sexual orientation |
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Term
| Allegiances, & Loyal Servants |
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Definition
Hindu College 1829
- British granted awards & titles to Indians
- Introduce Indians in the local municipal gov
- English education expanded rapidly among people in different areas of India |
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Definition
English educated people became the primary representation of the old professional elites in different regions
- New links b/w regions as English became medium of exchange
- Political engagement and education
- English educated Indians began to read about political figures
Indians educating other Indians write in English
Have law degrees + became doctors |
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| colonialism and the making of Indian society |
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- Educated people
- Who participate in the representative gov't
- Civilians participating and working w/ their gic |
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| Civil society and protest |
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Definition
- Western educated class represented strongest voice in public life
- gov employment = major goal
- modern professions
- municipals council act of 1882
- indian councils act of 1892 |
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Definition
New professions
= law, medicine, education, journalism "colonial professions" |
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Term
| Municipals Council act of 1882 |
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Definition
controls of their locality
local education
public health (maintain health of pop.)
sanitation
taxation |
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| Indian Council Act of 1892 |
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Definition
principles of ELECTIONS for the councils
-electorate
-english educated people |
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Shared experiences of English education
1885 - people in civil service serving in local gov
Eng educated Indians came together in Bombay to form INC
-Longest lived nationalist movement in the modern colonial world
-modern for national movements
- community identity was subordinated to national interest
- IDEA BASED ON NATIONAL IDENTITY |
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INDIAN
not a religious identity (muslim, hindu)
not geographical identity (Bengali)
not linguistic identity (hindu, urdu)
Indenties used to be on local kingdoms and not a national one |
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1885-1905 loyal to colonial state
-congress operated through petitions
-considered their petitions as "loyal opposition"
-in first twenty years, congress had little explicit opposition to colonialism congress eventually became the central political party in opposition to colonialism in India |
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"DRAIN OF WEALTH"
Mathematician who argued that the rights of Indian as British subjects
First indian elected to Brits house of commons
British draining wealth out of India
India chief export market for British goods
Commercial agriculture - decline of local crops
decrease production of crops, increase of cash crops
Railway site were where cash crops were produced to move them out |
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Term
| INC leads India to freedom |
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Definition
| India becomes dependent on steel + textiles \post 1857 |
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| Civil Society, Colonial Constraints |
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Definition
| Religious movements and traditionalist institutions in colonial India |
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A system of social stratification
Hinduism - also other religions
texts in Hindu prescribe caste system
Higher the caste more opportunity |
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| Occupation (Caste System) |
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Definition
caste position based on the job you had.
BUT ALSO BASED ON THE FATHER BORN INTO |
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Priesthood, spiritual practice, gov positions, lawyers, teachers
Vegetarians |
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Definition
| Merchants, Business class |
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peasants, labor
OUTSIDE OF THE CATES (Untouchables)
jobs like sanitation
unclean work
killing of animals |
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ORGANIZATION
Formed for political power for caste |
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| Wanted Rajput status to be landowners + military job access and to have scholarship $ based on military + want resources |
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-New organizations to support religious practice
- The Rajas of Banaras
- Ramayana - made the merchants the center of the story
- new organizations to tell stories about their societies |
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Definition
Social reforms
NOT religious
-reform societies - individuals + collective impovement |
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| ENding of poor/slum housing |
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education
up lift of poor people
eng lang education |
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Definition
non-brahman organizations
in south india non brahman wanted more education opportunity
3% of the pop Brahman
while Brahman = 70% of college educated small amount of people getting access to everything |
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Definition
Founded the Satyashodak Samaj = 1872
Education for non-Brahman
shabha-(organization)
samaj-(society)
Promoted education
opposed use of idols
opposed polytheism |
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Definition
Allowed people to convert
not a religion of many gods but viewing of THE god in many diff ways (i.e Holy Trinity)
Debate of people
Born into Hinduism
communal language - against muslims + christians - institute conversion practices so that people can convert to Hindu |
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Definition
More modest
Deoband (SCHOOL)
muslim education and reform
through distribution of printed materials |
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Term
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Definition
study of islam, but modeled after euro education
Brits classrooms
teachers british educated
learn british things with islamic texts
used the language of urdu for instition
alumni association
network of educated muslims |
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Definition
Hindu leader
adapted the extreme British colonial rule
"swaraj is my birth right & i will have it"
self-rule
1892 - promote his opinions |
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tilak celebrated
build national spirit
love + money
huge public event
parades + precessions
food + music / men singing and declaring hindu glory |
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Definition
tilak inaugurated 1895
was local king during the mughal empire during mogal pd.
defined mogal power killed mughal rebel man
rule of muslim, but string hindu man |
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Definition
1890s diff b/w hindu + muslim
hindu against the muslims killing cow
COW SYMBOL IN HINDU
maternity
agriculture
law suits against people |
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Definition
printed materials/texts
the moments allowed people to be apart of religious life.
worldly models
muslims education, english language and british education + goes hand in hand
division b/w the groups what is like to be muslims + indian or Hindu + indian |
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Boundaries b/w the groups
- tensions
- diff rhetoric on why one is superior to the other |
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Definition
| There was hindu glory before the mughals + before colonialism. // Hindu glory tied with the aryans - bringing back the glory |
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Definition
- same story as the hindu nationalist // counter orientalist tects, write books on the glory of muslim past. // mughal superior // taj mahl
Ottoman Empire to claim to glory |
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Definition
Commual riots broke out in 1893 after legal controversy about cows as protected objects
Laws against killing cows (rumor)
confusion caused riots
over hundreds people died in a couple of days - riots die down
-Muslims did not value beef more than other meats (i.e goats) |
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Definition
| Believed in cow protection more Hindu members alienate the muslims that are apart of the INC |
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Term
| Benedict Anderson - "Imagined Communities" |
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Definition
"imagined"
"limited"
"sovereign"
"deep horizontal conrad ship" |
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