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| In 1878 during John Adams presidency, the Federalists passed these lawas in an attempt to weaken the Democratic-Republican Part. The Alien Act allowed the government to deport any alien believed to be dangerous. The Sedition Act increased the number of years one had to live in the U.S.to become a citizen (from 5-14 years). |
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| Passed in 1865, prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude. ( Note: A. Lincoln did not free the slaves, the 13th amendment did). |
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| Passed in 1868, this amendment defined citizenship. Anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen and must be treated as such by all states. It further gives him/her the right to due process and protection from state governments. |
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| Passed in 1870 (black suffrage) persons could not be denied the right to vote because of their race or color. (These amendments are easy to remember as FREE(13) CITIZENS(14) VOTE(15) |
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| Laws passed in the south after the Civil War designed to continue segregation and inequality. Examples: former slaves could marry, but had to marry within their race; they could travel, but only after dark; they could serve on juries, but non were ever called. |
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| A man-made or improved waterway, to be used for travel, shipping, and commerce. |
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| When california asked for statehood in 1850, there were equal numbers of slave and free senators in Congress. ADding another state would upset the balance, so Henry Clay proposed a comprimise: a.)California would be admitted as a free state; b.) New Mexico and Utah could decide the issue of slavery for themselves; c.) Texas would be paid $10 million dollars for giving up its claim to land in New Mexico; D.) A Fugitive Slave law was passed ( the most controversial part of the comprimise.) |
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| When consumers use up good and services through purchasing or in producing other goods. |
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| An invention of Eli Whitney in 1793, that separated the seeds from the raw cotton, revolutionizing cotton production and increasing the need for slave labor. |
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| In the 1890s, southern states passed laws restricting the civil rights of blacks; e.g. separate facilites for drinking fountains, restrooms, lodging establishments, etc. The name comes from a black character in a popular song of the day. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| The document written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, who chaired the five-member committee, is dated July 4, 1776. It served three major purposes: 1.) propaganda to alert the colonists of the injustices of the King of Englad (27 grievances), 2.) an outline of a new form of government, and 3.) a declaration of war. |
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| Information about the characteristics of human populations or segments of the population concerning age, birth/death rates, income levels, marital status, household size, etc. |
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| Treatment or attitudes based on class or ethnicity rather than on individual merit. |
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| Marketing and supplying goods to manufacturers and retailers. |
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| As the supply of goods increases and means of transportation and communication are improved, more goods are supplied (distributed) and the product becomes more affordable. |
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| A self-educated, escaped slave who became an author, publisher, and speaker. One of the best-known voices of the abolitionist movement. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| Lincoln's executive order, following a marginal victory of Antietam, proclaimed that the slaves in states "still in rebellion," would be freed on Jan. 1, 1863. It did not free slaves in the northern or border states under Union control. It was a last-stitch effort to win the war. It was intended to keep Great Britain from siding with the South, to change the focus of the war from "preserving the Untion to "freeing the slaves," and to destroy the South's abilty to make war. It was not a law and had no authority to free slaves in the Confederacy; but it did produce the needed result. (The Emancipation proclamation did not "free the slaves," the 13th Amendment did.) |
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| Newly freed blacks who came to Kansas to homestead after the Civil War, 1865-1881. The name comes from 1.) the term "exodus," which means "to depart," 2.) the color of their skin, and 3.) the fact they were coming to farm prairie sod or "dust." |
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| In January 1884, John Marshall discovered gold on John Sutter's land in the Sacramento Valley. Unsuccessful at keeping it a secret, a wave of mass migration brought over 100,000 gold seekers, known as Forty-niners, to California in 1849. |
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| An entreprenueur from Leavenworth, KS. (1835-1901) partnered with the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad to operate his resturaunts, lunch strands, and hotel facilites along the railroad route. |
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| Government agents whose job was to help settle the land west of the Mississippi River. They aided immigrants in finding available land, with interpretation and legal issues, and settling into a new environment. |
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| In this instance, something that would motivate a person to either work harder (positive) or get another job (negative). Higher pay and benefits would be positive incentives. Difficult working conditions, low pay, an unhealthy work environment, and limited opportunity for advancement would be negative incentives. |
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| Major social, economic, and technological changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, that began with steam-powered machinery and metal tools. |
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| The creation of something new, such as an idea, process, or the invention of a new gadget. Creative thinkers drive the market place and history. Consider the Internet. |
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| Credited to Eli Whitney, the idea of mass producing parts for guns, made repair parts accessible for most machines. No longer would each part for each gun or machine need to be hand made. All of the uniform parts should fit any like machine. Thus, the idea of assembly lines and mass production, using relatively unskilled labor was born. |
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| Passed in 1854, this act, written by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and included the concept of Popular Sovereignty, that the people of the territory would decide the issue of slavery, thereby negating the Missouri Compromise. |
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| An organization founded by ex-Confederate soldiers who sought to re-establish Democratic power in the south when reconstruction efforts were being dominated by Radical Republicans and carpetbaggers. It advocated white supremacy and Protestantism and opposed the civil rights reforms of the post-civil war south. At its height, violence and muurder were common activities of the Klan. |
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| In 1803, President Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to offer to buy the city of New Orleans from France for $10 million. In need of money, Napoleon offered to sell them the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million, thus doubling the size of the U.S. |
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| The belief, by Americans of the mid-1800's, that they had a right, a destiny, to expand across the continent (from sea to shining sea). Claiming Texas, Oregon, California, land of the Mexican Cession, and Florida was thereby rationalized. |
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| A controversy over the appointment of several judges in the final hours of John Adam's presidency sparked a ruling by the Supreme Court that parts of the Judiciary Act were void because they were not in line with the new Constitution. This ruling established the power of judicial review, whereby the Supreme Cout can declare acts of the legislative branch and the executive branch unconstitutional. |
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| The network of interdependent activities that exists as goods and services are manufactured, bought and sold, and distributed, including profit and loss, supply and demand, and margins. |
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| John Marshall was the 4th Chief Justice of the United States, and held that position for 34 years. He transformed the court from a paper power to the most powerful judicial court in the world. He helped establish the practice of judicial review and the supremacy of the national government over the states. |
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| McCullough V. Maryland (1819) |
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| Maryland wanted to tax the Bank of the U.S. located in the state. Officials of the bank maintained that state tax interfered with the federall chartered bank and asked the U.S. Supreme Court for a remedy. The court ruled that the state bank could not tax a federal government entity, thereby established in the supremacy of the national government. |
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| 1845-1847 "manifest destiny" is almost complete. With the treaty, the U.S. secured the controversial Texas boundary, gained the Mexican Cession, and paid Mexico $15 million. |
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| When, over time, a trend is observed in the manners of destination of segments of the population as they relocate, (e.g. the current trend of the elderly relocation to warmer climates, or in history newly freed slaves moving to the North after the Civil War). |
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| Passed in 1820 as an attempt to keep the number of free and slave states equal. Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and a line dividing the slave and free sections was drawn along the 36 degrees 30 parallel (north of the line would be free, south of the line would be slave), wrongly assuming that the question would be permanently resolved. |
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| One of the lasting successes of the Articles of Confederation, passed in 1787 to provide for governing of the Northwest Territory. Initially, Congress would appoint officials; when the population reached 5,00 free males, they could elect a legislature and a non-voting representative to Congress; when the population reached 60,000, they could adopt a constitution and apply for statehood. This plan was used as all new territories gained statehood. |
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| "People rule" - in 1854, Stephen Douglas argued for allowing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery, nullifying the Missouri Compromise line and opening Kansas to a bloody, mini-civil war - "Bleeding Kansas." |
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| The amount of money goods given for something of value. The more the consumer is willing to give, the higher the price. Price is determined by the the quantity available and the perceived worth of them item. |
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| The total output of a good or service (e.g. the total tonnage of steel smelted in the U.S. in 1949) |
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| The rate at which goods and services are produced. |
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| The amount received for a commodity or service in excess of the original cost (including produciton and distribution expenses). If the profits are high, the price to the consumer should come down. |
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| Factors that, often simultaneously, drive or draw people to relocate. An example would be the immigrants from Europe who were "pushed" from their homes, due to poor crops or the fear of military service and were "pulled" to the U.S. with the promise of free western land or higher wages. |
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| To encourage construction, the federal government gave land to railroads (about 10 million acres by 1860) on which to build the lines or to sell for construciton costs and profit. Railroad companies often planned towns along the route and sold lots of businessess and home owners. |
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| Sparsely settled or agricultural areas of the country. |
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| When the amount of a good or service is insufficient to meet the demand. |
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| To withdraw from the Union. To "cede' means ot take in or join, e.g. Texas was ceded in 1845. Secede means to withdraw, e.g. South Carolina was the first state to secede. (Pronounced with a soft c, not a k sound.) |
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| A fierce loyalty to one's region of the country and its political and economic interests. |
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| The practice of farming, whereby the tenant farmer gives a share of the crops raised to the landlord instead of paying cash rent. |
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| Sherman's March to the Sea |
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| William Sherman's 60-mile wide swath of death and destruction from Atlanta to Savannah. |
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| A boat propelled by steam, usually used on inland canals and waterways. Marks the first practical use of steam power to move goods and services. |
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| steps in amending U.S. Constitution |
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| There are four methods of formally amending the Constitution. An amendment may be 1.) proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures; 2.) proposed by 2/3 vote in Congress and ratified by conventions called in 3/4 of the States 3.) proposed by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the State legislatrues, then ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures, and 4.) proposed by a national convention and ratified by conventions in 3/4 of the States. |
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| The belief in increasing a country's land mass, parallel to the concept of Manifest Destiny. |
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| Buying up large tracts of land and platting a town site, with the hope of selling the lots for a profit and establishing a town. Railroad companies also used their federal land grants in this way. |
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| transcontinental railroad |
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| The Central Pacific Railroad built east from California; the Union Pacific Railroad built west from Iowa. The two companies linked up at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10,1869, thus connecting the East and the West by rail. |
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| Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, published in 1852, described slave treatment and stirred bitter feelings in both the North and the South. |
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| Referring to a city or densely populated area. |
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| The U.S. Constitution contains the framework for our system of government, a representative democracy or republic. It is called a "living" constitution because, even though it is very brief in comparison to other countries' plans of government, it has been capable of adjusting to major change in our society and threats to our way of life. it is the oldest written functioning constitution in the world. Important concepts include: 1.) separation of power an checks and balances, 2.) federealism, 3.) popular sovereignty, 4.) individual freedom. |
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