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Small Mammals
everything
109
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
07/20/2015

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Term
Lagomorpha
Definition
Order
Rabbits, Hares
Term
Rodentia
Definition
Order
Sub orders: Myomorpha, Caviomorpha, Sciuromorpha
Term
Myomorpha
Definition
sub-order
mouse-like
rat, mouse, hamster
Term
Hystricomorpha/Caviomorpha
Definition
sub-order/parorder
cavi-like
guinea pig, chinchilla, degu
Term
Sciuromorpha
Definition
sub-order
squirrel-like
squirrel, chipmunk
Term
Carnivora
Definition
Order
Family: Mustelidae
Ferret, Weasel, Stoat, Otter, Badger
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
Cold adaptations:
High activity: Shivering
Brown fat
Peripheral vasoconstriction

Heat Adaptations:
Burrows
Water conservation: Urine concentration
Peripheral counter-current heat exchanges
Size
Term
Rodent Dentition
Definition
16 teeth
Monophydont
1-0-0-3/1-0-0-3
Diastema between incisors and (pre)molars
Rats Incisors - yellow due to iron pigmentation
Term
Aradicular
Definition
open-rooted, continuously growing teeth
Term
Herbivore Cheek Teeth
Definition
open rooted, continuously growing, must be worn down
rabbit, GPig, Chinchilla
Term
Omnivore Cheek Teeth
Definition
roots close about ~4 months
rat, mouse, etc
Term
Lagomorph Dentition
Definition
28 Teeth in total
2-0-3-3/1-0-2-3
2nd upper incisors rudimentary = peg teeth
Term
Ferret Dentition
Definition
Diphydont
Deciduous
3(4)-1-3-0/3-1-3-0
Permanent
3-1-3-1/3-1-3-2
From 7-10wk old
Similar masticatory muscles and salivary glands to dog
Term
Digestive Tract
Definition
Monogastric
Simple small intestine
Caecum present: Larger in herbivorous species (Rabbit, Guinea Pig, etc)
Ferret similar to other carnivores
Term
Rabbit Hindgut
Definition
Caecum
10x capacity of stomach
40% of GIT content
3 Gyral Folds
Thin walls (fragile)
Mainly Bacteroides spp.
Fermentation vat
Term
Cecotrophy
Definition
consumption of caecal pellets (night stools)
Term
Coprophagy
Definition
consumption of faeces
Term
Cecotrophs
Definition
form in caecum and proximal colon
High nutrient content (fibre does not enter caecum)
Mucus covering during passage through colon
Ingested directly from anus through anal reflex
Term
Reproductive Tract
Definition
Rapid, Large Litters: 16d gestation in hamsters, Young may reproduce in same season
Duplex uterus: Many rodents
Right and Left uterus and cervix
Open into common vagina
Bicornuate uterus
Term
External Gentalia
Definition
Term
Hob
Definition
Male Ferret
Term
Gib/Hobble
Definition
Male Neutered Ferret
Term
Jill
Definition
Female Ferret
Term
Sprite
Definition
Female spayed Ferret
Term
Ferret Reproductive Cycles
Definition
Gestation 42d, 4-14 kittens
Weaning 6-8 weeks
Term
Rodent/Lagomorph Larynx
Definition
high position in oropharynx
Obligate nose breathers
Respiratory disease rapidly debilitating
Term
Oxygen Demand of small furries
Definition
Very HIGH
Lungs not proportionally larger
Low residual lung capacity
Greater number of alveoli with smaller diameter
Term
Rabbit Lungs
Definition
Poor lobulation of lungs in rabbits – pneumonia can spread quickly
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
Heart often large in proportion to thorax
2-4th Intercostal Spaces
Heart rate 180-300+ BPM
Blood volume: 60-75 ml/kg
Venupuncture: Saphenous/Cephalic Veins (Small)
Tail vein
Jugular if larger sample required
Marginal ear vein in rabbits
Term
Immune System
Definition
Lymph nodes throughout body
Strep. zooepidemicus (normal oral pathogen) can cause nodal abscessation if oral mucosa penetrated
Term
Urinary System
Definition
Relatively high water intake
~120 ml/kg/day
Urine alkaline, not very concentrated
Often creamy appearance due to calcium carbonate (Rabbit, g pig)
May be red due to plant pigmentation
Term
Rabbit Calcium Metabolism
Definition
High circulating calcium
Rapid adjustments in Parathyroid hormone control absorption from gut (independent of Vitamin D)
Tolerant of high calcium intake
Ca:P ratio not as critical as other mammals
Excess calcium cleared via urine (up to 60% of ingested Ca)
Phosphorus excreted via faeces
Chronic Vitamin D deficiency may lead to mild hypocalcaemia
Important when dietary supply low
Term
Rodent Senses
Definition
Large tympanic bullae, large olfactory bulbs, sensitive vibrissae (whiskers)
Sensitive to high frequency sound <150kHz
Term
Harderian Gland
Definition
present in all vertebrates, but not well developed. developed in rodents, esp. rats
Behind eye
Secretes lipids and porphyrin red pigment (ocular lubrication and pheromones)
Secretion increased when stressed = red-brown deposit: chromodacryorrhea
Term
Rabbit Skeletal System
Definition
C7, T12-13, L7, S4, Cd15-16
first 7 ribs meet sternum
Term
Rat Skeletal System
Definition
C7, T13, L6, S4, Cd27-31
Ossification not complete until ~1y
Poorly-developed Haversian remodelling system
Prox. Humerus and Dist. Radius/Ulna fuse at 2y
Skull: Cartilagenous mandibular symphysis
Appendicular: Clavicular brace, Hamate process of scapular spine
Term
Ferret Skeletal System
Definition
C7, T15, L5/6, S3, Cd18
Flexible spine
12 sternal rib pairs
Term
Rabbit Genus species
Definition
Oryctolagus cuniculis
Term
Most common rabbit breeds
Definition
Lop
Lionhead
Netherland dwarf
English rabbit
Term
Rabbit Life Span
Definition
5-12 years
Term
TPR normal
Definition
Heart rate: 180-300 bpm
Respiratory rate: 30-60 (>100 if stressed) per min
Rectal temperature: 38.5-40°C
Term
fusus coli
Definition
location in colon of rabbits where soft faeces are covered by protective mucus
Term
Rabbit Repro
Definition
Become sexually mature at 4-6 months
Females earlier than males
Small breeds earlier than the larger ones.
Induced ovulation (January-October)
Gestation of 28-32 days
Litter size 4-12
Weaning at 6 weeks (starting at 28 days)
Term
Hutch Size
Definition
Big enough to allow rabbits to lie down and stretch out comfortably in all directions
Tall enough for them to stand up on their back legs without their ears touching the roof
Long enough to allow at least three hops from one end to the other
Term
Rabbit Companions
Definition
guinea pigs should not be kept as companions for rabbits
Shouldn’t be kept with ferrets
Can be kept with cats and dogs
Term
Rabbit Diet
Definition
Hind gut fermenting herbivore
Fibre is most import component of diet

Hay and grass: at all the time
Pellets: small handful once/twice daily
Leafy greens: twice daily

Fibre:20-25%
Proteins: 12-16%
Fat: 2-3%
Term
Myxomatosis
Definition
swelling around eyes, nose and genital area
Vaccination
Term
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease
Definition
internal bleeding, death
Vaccination
Term
Rabbit Husbandry Problems
Definition
Diet poor in fibres: dental disease, reduced gut motility, diarrhoea
Urine scalding: lack of exercise or poorly cleaned hutch or obese rabbits, E. cuniculi infection
Stress
Mites
Fleas NO FRONTLINE ®
Untidy matted fur
Term
Ferret Genus Species
Definition
Mustela putorius furo
Term
Ferret Lifespan
Definition
8-10 years
Term
Ferret Adult Weight
Definition
male 1200 gr, female 600 gr
Term
Ferret TPR
Definition
Heart rate: 200-250 bpm
Respiratory rate : 35 bpm
Body temperature: 37.8°-40°C
Term
Ferret Companions
Definition
Single sex or mixed groups
Mild aggressive behaviour
Not suitable companion for rabbits and rodents!
Ok with cats and dogs but never alone
Term
Ferret Diet
Definition
Strict carnivore
High in Protein: 35-40% (animal sourced) and Fat 15-20%
Low in carbohydrates and fibre
Term
Kit
Definition
Juvenile ferret
Term
Ferret Repro
Definition
Seasonally polyestrous: 6 months
Induced ovulation: require mating
Neck biting during mating
Sexually mature in their first spring (~9 months old)
Gestation: 42 days
Litter size: 6
Kits are altricial, teeth at 2 weeks of age , eyes open after 4 weeks
Term
Hyperestrogenism
Definition
Persistent oestrus common
Oestrogen toxicity and bone marrow suppression
Severe aplastic anaemia and blood loss
Bilaterally symmetric alopecia
Weakness and anorexia
Pale mucous membranes

TX: HCG to stimulate oestrus, Jill Jab (proligestone), GnRH agonists implantation, vasectomised hob.
Term
Ferret Vaccination
Definition
distemper (not licensed in UK)
Term
Erinaceomorpha
Definition
Order
African pigmy hedgehog
Term
Chinchilla Genus Species
Definition
Chinchilla lanigera
Term
Chinchilla lifespan
Definition
8-9 years
Term
Chinchilla Adult Bodyweight
Definition
500-800 gr (male smaller)
Term
Chinchilla TPR
Definition
Body temperature: 37-38° C
Heart rate: 200-350
Respiratory rate : 40-80
Term
Chinchilla Dentition
Definition
1-0-1-3/1-0-1-3
all teeth open rooted
Term
Chinchilla Repro
Definition
Sexual maturity: 6 months
Seasonally polyoestrous (November-May)
Length of oestrous: 30-50 days
Gestation: 111 days
Litter size: 2 average
At birth> precocial, fully furred, ears, eyes open, teeth present
Weaning: 42 days (already eating solid food after first week)
Term
Chinchilla Husbandry
Definition
Dust bath once a day
Housed in pairs, single sex
Horizontal and vertical space
Nest box
Newspaper and hay as substrate
Term
Chinchilla Diet
Definition
Herbivore
High in fibre and low in energy
15 -35 % fibre, proteins 16-20%, fat 2-5 %
Hay ad libitum
Small amount of fresh greens
Small amount of pellet food
Term
Guinea Pig genus species
Definition
Cavia Porcellus
Term
Most common GPig breeds
Definition
Rex
American
Abyssinian
Peruvian
Term
GPig Lifespan
Definition
5-6 years
Term
GPig Adult Body weight
Definition
700-1200 gr
Term
GPig TPR
Definition
Body temperature: 37.2-39.5
Heart rate: 230-380
Respiratory rate : 90-150
Term
GPig Dentition
Definition
1-0-1-3/1-0-1-3
all teeth grow continuously
Term
GPig Repro
Definition
Sexual maturity: 3 months (female earlier than male)
Type of oestrous cycle: non-seasonally polyoestrous
Gestation: 59-72 days
At birth> precocial, fully furred, ears, eyes open, teeth present
Weaning: 2-3 weeks ( already eating solid food after first week)
Term
GPig Repro SPECIAL
Definition
Must Breed by 6m-1 year or else fusion of pubic symphysis occurs and can will never be able to pass neonates through pelvis
Term
GPig Diet
Definition
Herbivore
Grass and hay ad libitum (but not only!)
Pelleted food No cereal mix!
Fresh leafy greens
Term
GPig Diet SPECIAL
Definition
Lack of enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase required to synthesize vitamin C

NEED IN DIET

Healthy animals: 10 mg/kg/day
Breeding animals: 35 mg/kg/day
Stressed, sick: 50-100 mg/kg.day

Kale, parsley, spinach, cabbage, dandelions, red peppers, kiwi fruit and oranges.
In drinking water
In pellet food
Degradation by water, light, air
Term
Rat Genus Species
Definition
Rattus norvegicus
Term
Rat Lifespan
Definition
2-3 years
Term
Rat Weight
Definition
250-500 grams
Term
Rat TPR
Definition
Heart rate: 310-500
Respiratory rate: 70-150
Temperature: 38° C
Term
Rat Dentition
Definition
1-0-0-3/1-0-0-3
only incisors open rooted
yellow pigmentation due to iron
Term
Rat Repro
Definition
Sexual maturity: 1 month
Polyoestreous
Gestation: 21-23 days
Litter size: 6-13
At birth: altricial (eyes open at 2 weeks)
Weaning: 21 days
Term
Rat Diet
Definition
Omnivore
16% proteins and 5% fat
Commercial balanced pellets
Fruit and vegetables
Cat biscuits once a week
Reduced proteins when old age
Term
Hamster genus species
Definition
Mesocricetus auratus
Term
Hamster life span
Definition
1.5-2 years up to 4 years
Term
Hamster weight
Definition
85-130 gr
Term
Hamster TPR
Definition
Heart rate: 300-470
Respiratory rate: 40-110
Temperature: 37.5-38 C
Term
Hamster Dentition
Definition
1-0-0-3
only incisors are open rooted
Term
Hamster Repro
Definition
Sexual maturity: 2 months
Seasonal polyoestrous
Gestation: 16-18 days (Syrian hamster),
At birth: altricial (eyes open at 2 weeks)
Weaning: 19-21 days
Term
Hamster Diet
Definition
Omnivore
Pellets to prevent selective feeding
Although cereal mix is not contraindicated if given in small quantity
Fresh vegetables such as broccoli , carrots, apples, cabbage.
Proteins 16 %, fat 4 %
Protein source as treats
Term
Gerbil Genus Species
Definition
Meriones unguiculatus
Term
Gerbil lifespan
Definition
2-3years
Term
Gerbil weight
Definition
50- 130 gr
Term
Gerbil tpr
Definition
Heart rate: 260-600 bpm
Respiratory rate: 85-160 bpm
Temperature: 37.5-39 degrees C
Term
Gerbil dentition
Definition
1-0-0-3
only incisors
Term
Gerbil Repro
Definition
Sexual maturity: 2-4 months
Polyoestrous
Gestation: 23-46 days
Weaning: 21-28 days
Term
Gerbil Husbandry
Definition
sand baths, once a day
Term
Gerbil Diet
Definition
Omnivore/granivore
Pellets to prevent selective feeding
Fresh vegetables such as broccoli , carrots, apples, cabbage
Term
Degu Genus Species
Definition
Octodon degus
Term
Degu Lifespan
Definition
7 years
Term
Degu weight
Definition
170-300g
Term
Degu Repro
Definition
Breed all year - multiple litters (6-8/litter)
No regular oestrus cycle; require presence of male to ovulate
Sexually mature 6m
Gestation 90 days
Term
Degu Diet
Definition
Herbivorous, hind gut fermenter
Natural diet is grass, leaves, bark, herbs, seeds, fruits
Feed chinchilla pellets and hay
Supplement with small amounts fresh greens
Very dry faeces
Term
African pygmy hedgehog genus species
Definition
Atelerix albiventris
Term
Pygmy Hedgehog Weight
Definition
250-400g female, 500-600g male
Term
Pygmy Hedgehog Repro
Definition
Polyoestrus, all year round
Sexual maturity at 2 months
Breed 6m-2yrs else fusion of pubic symphysis
Gestation 34-37 days
Term
Pygmy Hedgehog diet
Definition
Insectivorous/omnivorous
Prone to obesity
Feed 2 tbsp high quality cat food or insectivore diet plus 2 tabs mixed veg nightly
Earthworms, insects, egg, pinkies, mealworms 3x a week
Feed at night and remove uneaten food in morning
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