Term
| Feline Pansystemic Diseases |
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Definition
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
-Major similarities between FeLV and FIV, as well as distinct differences |
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Term
| What is FeLV and FIV in general? |
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Definition
-Retroviruses in the same family that also causes HIV
-Species Specific
-Fragile (easily inactivated outside the body)
-Found worldwide
-1-3% of cats in the US are infected with one and/or the other
-Problem with cattery situations |
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Term
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Definition
-Horizontal and Vertical
-High quantity found in saliva, nasal secretions, tears, urine, feces, milk
-Bites
-Prolonged contact (mutual grooming, shared litter boxes, feeding dishes) |
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Term
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Definition
-Horizontal
-Saliva
-Bite wounds
-Is not transmitted by prolonged close contact |
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Term
| Physiological process of FeLV in the body after transmission... |
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Definition
| Virus replicates in oral-pharyngeal lymph nodes (infection stops here if vaccinated or adequate immune system) -> Infected resident B-lymphocytes and macrophages leave lymph nodes and disperse virus throughout body -> goes to intestinal crypt cells, bone marrow precursor white and platelet cells, all lymph tissues (if immune system stops progression here, virus goes into latency, elapsed time is 2-4wks) -> Infected white cells and platelets are release into circulation and infect epithelial/grandular tissues -> virus sheds in secretions (can take up to 12wks after infection) |
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Term
| Generally, what happens after exposure to FeLV? |
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Definition
-After 2-4wks from exposure, acute stage begins, primary viremia (may or may not shows signs)
-Some cats can mount an effective immune response (eliminate virus from bloodstream)
-Or develop latent infection (not shedding the virus)
-Or become persistently infected (secondary viremia, constantly shedding the virus) |
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Term
| What happens after exposure to FIV? |
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Definition
-4-8wks after exposure begins the acute stage, fever, swollen lymph nodes, susceptible to skin or intestinal infections
-Subclinical, no signs of disease (years), shedding the virus
-AIDS-like stage, 5-12yrs of age |
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Term
| Clinical Signs with both FeLV and FIV |
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Definition
-No signs, cat appears healthy
or
-Nonspecific signs: loss of appetite, fever, lymphadenopathy, weight loss
-Cat's health may deteriorate progressively or may have recurrent illness between periods of relative health
-Immunodeficiency causes increased risk of secondary infections (bacterial, protozoal, fungal)
-General Cachexia: overall wasting away |
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Term
| Chronic Conditions with both FeLV and FIV |
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Definition
-Gingivitis, stomatitis
-Diarrhea, gastrointestinal issues
-Upper respiratory and ocular signs
-Skin and ear infections
-Neurologic disorders
-Anemia
-Neoplasia
-Can develop lymphosarcomas
-Pustules on the skin |
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Term
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Definition
FIV
-test for antibodies (false positive in vaccinated cats)
-vaccine efficacy highly debatable
-ELISA
FeLV
-test for antigens
-no interference with vaccinated cats
-ELISA (may be positive in 2-4 weeks, re-test IFA in 12 weeks if after positive result you test again and get a negative, negative results with high potential cats should be re-tested w/in 30days)
-Positive IFA means that the virus has entered the bone marrow and been incorporated into WBC's. |
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Term
| Treatment of FeLV and FIV |
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Definition
-No cure or specific treatment
-Supportive care for symptoms and management of secondary infections (broad spectrum AB's)
-Appetite stimulators
-Immunomodulator drugs (Interferon)
-Antiviral (AZT/ZDV)
-Chemotherapy for solid tumors
-Don't use drugs in combinations because they can cause severe side effects
-FLV cats tend to die within 2-3yrs after chronic conditions |
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Term
| Management of FeLV and FIV |
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Definition
-Spay or Neuter (less likely to bite, fight, or mate)
-Confined indoors
-Nutritionally complete and balanced diets (nothing uncooked or unpasteurized)
-Wellness visits (every 6 months, full PE and weight, CBC, chemistry, UA
-Vigilant home monitoring
-Reduce stress |
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Term
| What about other cats living with FeLV or FIV cats? |
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Definition
-Cats can live years without showing signs
-All cats should be tested
-FeLV cats completely separate
-FIV cats ideally separate
-Vaccinate
-Do not need to euthanize infected cats |
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Term
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
What is it? |
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Definition
-Believed to be a combination of viruses (FECV mutates to FIPV, which then enters macrophages and spreads throughout body)
-FECV (feline enteric coronavirus) fairly benign, can cause mild upper resp. or GI upset
-Difficult/expensive to determine if FECV or FIPV is the causative agent, so it's just called FIP
-ALWAYS FATAL
-Found most often in cattery situations (90% are carriers, greater # of animals = more chance of coming into contact with feces/saliva/urine)
-Highest incidence in cats <2yrs old and >10yrs old, cats with FLV, Birmans and Persians, and Cheetahs
-The more the body sees it, the better chance of that mutation
-Slow developing systemic disease
-Wet form (effusive), and Dry form (noneffusive)
-Hits younger animals fasters |
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Term
| Physiological contraction of FIP |
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Definition
| Transmitted via fecal-oral route -> viral replication in the epithelial cells of the mouth, nose, and GI tract -> enters gut macrophages and is disseminated throughout the body -> macrophage localize in veins throughout abdominal/thoracic cavity causing "Wet Form" (Or, macrophage locate in liver and lymph nodes causing "Dry form") -> macrophages release inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability and attract more WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
-Mild upper respiratory
-Diarrhea
-Persistent fever, non-responsive to ABs
-Decreased appetite and weight loss in adults
-Stunted growth (poor doers) in kittens |
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Term
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Definition
Perivasculitis = accumulation of protein rich fluid in the thoracic and/or abdominal cavities (occasionally in scrotum, pericardium, and renal sub-capsular space)
-Anorexia with weight loss
-Depression
-Dehydration
-Sometimes fever |
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Term
Dry form of FIP
(less common form) |
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Definition
Surface abscesses (pyogranulomatous lesions)
-Lesions on eyes, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes (other than the eyes, don't see them until animal is dead)
-Idiopathic fever
-Anorexia and weight loss
-Rules outs: hyperthyroid, diabetes, liver or kidney disease
-Animal is reluctant to move much do to lesions within rubbing against other structures |
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Term
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Definition
Wet form easier
-history
-clinical symptoms
-fluid analysis
-X-rays and U/S
Dry form difficult
-lost of rule-outs
-paired serum antibody inconclusive (due to tighters from FECV)
-PCR inconclusive
-Exploratory surgery
-Necropsy |
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Term
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Definition
-Patient comfort
-Nutrition and fluid support
-Immunosuppressant's (daily steroids)
-Aspirate fluids (first from thorax to help breathing, then abdomen. every day or every other day) |
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Term
| Prevention and Client education on FIP |
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Definition
-FIP vaccine efficacy low (suppose to help keep FECV from mutating)
-Pregnant queens (isolate 2 weeks prior to birth, remove kittens by 5 weeks)
-Wait 1 month after losing cat to FIP before introducing any new animals
-Diluted bleach solution to clean
-Limit # of cats in household to <5 |
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Term
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Definition
-Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (also called rhino, herpesvirus-1)
-Once infected with herpes, infected for life (may see runny eyes and nose every so often)
-Vaccine helps reduce the shedding as well as reduce the number of occurrences
-Stress/stressful situations cause the breakouts (cold-like symptoms) |
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Term
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Definition
-Easily transmissible (2-5 days incubation, can still shed virus without symptoms)
-Direct contact with oculonasal discharge, saliva
-Fomites (even human hands)
-Can live in the environment for about 24hrs (moist conditions, virus is killed once dry)
-1:32 bleach
-Can be passed vertical (60% chance of kitten death, takes a few weeks to show once born) |
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Term
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Definition
-Nasal/ocular discharge (starts out clear then goes mucopurulent)
-Ocular lesions/ulcers (from cat scratching at itself)
-May or may not see lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged lymph nodes, fever
-Need to be aware of potential secondary infections |
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Term
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Definition
-Vaccine history (still could have/get herpes though)
-Good history
-PE
-Clinical signs (UPPER respiratory)
-Can do specialized lab test (PCR, viral isolation, FA or conjunctival cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Supportive care (if bad enough)
-Food persuasion (smelly foods)
-Sometimes ABs for secondary infections
-Uncomplicated infection, so let it run its course (10-20days)
-Once contracted and recovered, become latent carriers (stress reactivates infection) |
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Term
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Definition
-Also known as Calici
-Upper respiratory infection
-Often confused with Rhino, but also often a combination
-40 different strains (differing virulence)
-VS-FCV (Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus) |
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Term
| Transmission, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Calici |
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Definition
Transmission
-same as Rhino
-survives in environment for 10days
Clinical Signs (similar to Rhino, with exceptions)
-Stomatitis (leading to chronic gingivitis)
-Oral lesions
-Can go after joints, sometimes arthritis happens
-look at paws
Diagnosis
-History, PE, Clinical signs
-can run more specialized tests to differentiate from Rhino
Treatment
-supportive care
-Abs for secondary infections
-70% mortality rate, if they survive may have permanent liver/kidney damage
-50% become carrier (for a few months or for life) |
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Term
| What is Feline Panleukopenia? |
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Definition
-Often referred to as Panleuk, Feline Infectious Enteritis, Feline Distemper
-It's a feline parvovirus caused by the Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV)
-Very hardy virus (can last in environment for over 1yr)
-100% mortality rate in untreated kittens, 85% in adult cats
-Treatment needs to begin quickly as cats can die within 24hrs of onset symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
-Virus is present in all bodily excretions (especially feces)
-Everything is a fomite
-Incubation 3-5 days, sometimes a week
-Fever, then vomiting (bilious), then diarrhea
-Animal goes quickly downhill from there |
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Term
| Clinical Symptoms of Panleuk |
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Definition
-Virus attacks the lining in the GI; starting with ulceration and leading to sloughing of the epithelial lining
-Diarrhea (often bloody), dehydration, malnutrition, anemia
-Painful abdomen
-Extreme leukopenia (<2000 WBC)
-Severe lethargy/depression
-Terminal patients become hypothermic and may develop septic shock and DIC (disseminated intravascular Coagulopathy) |
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Term
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Definition
-Typically based on marked leukopenia as well as neutropenia and lymphopenia
-Can run a CPV test during the acute phase as the test will indicate a positive finding
-If not already, test for FeLV and FIV |
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Term
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Definition
-Animal needs ASAP and aggressive supportive care (ISOLATION)
-Isotonic crystalloid (lactated ringers) with electrolyte supplementation
-Broad spectrum ABs for secondary (avoid nephrotoxic drugs until dehydration is under control)
-Whole blood transfusions
-Anti-emetics
-Nutritional support and temporary diet adjustment (novel proteins to prevent food allergies)
-Can continue to shed virus for up to 6 wks |
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Term
| Client Education on Panleuk |
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Definition
-Vaccine is very effective
-Most be careful with live or modified live vaccines and pregnant queens (can cause cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens, as well as queen being infected with FPV during pregnancy)
-Need to be conscientious of the window of susceptibility when vaccinating kittens
-RCP (Rhino, Calici, Panleuk) vaccine given SQ, every year and even every 3 years |
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Term
Define:
Oncology
Cancer
Tumor
Neoplasm
Benign |
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Definition
Oncology: study of cancer/tumors
Cancer: persistent, excessive, disorganized growth
Tumor: swelling
Neoplasm: abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should
Benign: do not spread or invade surrounding tissues (can cause problems due to size) |
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Term
Define:
Malignant
Metastasis
Remission
Oma
Carcinoma
Sarcoma |
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Definition
Malignant: rapid, irregular growth characteristics
Metastasis: tumor spreads to secondary sites
Remission: length of time in which tumor is under control; decrease in tumor size
Oma: benign form of cancer or neoplasm
Carcinoma: malignant epithelial tissue neoplasm
Sarcoma: malignant connective tissue neoplasm |
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Term
| What should we look at with the initial clinical presentation in our oncology patients? |
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Definition
Signalment:
-breed, species, and age can predispose animals to certain types of neoplasms
History:
-Determine when the mass was noted and the growth rate of the mass
-Presence of systemic disease
PE:
-Complete exam
-Tumor characteristics (location, size, firm or moveable, lymph node involvement, ulceration of the mass) |
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Term
| Diagnosis of cancer/tumors |
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Definition
-Laboratory Evaluation (may need to take several different types of test to assess systemic effects)
-Special test like FeLV, FIV, Heartworm, or others may be necessary
-Radiographs
-MRI/CT
-Ultrasound
-Cellular imaging |
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Term
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Definition
-Fine needle aspirates (FNA)
-Harder to obtain samples from very solid tumors
-Don't aspirate large contained masses of the liver, spleen, abdomen or thoracic cavity because tumor cells could be released and can metastasis to other areas
-Biopsy the mass, not a necrotic area
-+/- surrounding tissues
-Place mass/tissue sample in individual formalin containers labeled appropriately (ID, info, location of mass, date, time)
-INK all margins (Indian Ink)
-Instruments are not moved from one biopsy site to another
-Evaluate cellular structure (variation in size/shape, increased size of nucleus, mitotic figures, clean margins in excisional biopsy) |
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Term
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Definition
T = Tumor size or extend
-Describes the size of tumor
-Local invasiveness
-Specific for each tumor type and is assigned:
TX = primary tumor cannot be assessed
To = no evidence of primary tumor
T1-T4 = increasing size and/or local extend of primary tumor
-Increasing number means increasing "seriousness" |
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Term
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Definition
N = lymph node involvement
Nx = regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 = no evidence of lymph node involvement
N1 = regional lymph node metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
Mx = distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 = no metastasis
M1 = metastasis |
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Term
| Principles of Therapy for dealing with Tumors |
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Definition
-Tumors behave differently
-Treatment if tailored to each tumor type and stage of tumor
-Most therapies are multi-disciplinary and use a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation
-For all malignant tumors, the probability of long-term tumor control is greatest when aggressive therapy is instituted early |
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Term
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Definition
Surgical Removal
-Primary
-Secondary (shrink tumor first)
-Clean margins, potential danger of release of tumor cells during surgical manipulation
Chemotherapy
-classes of drugs used to kill mammalian cells
-most effective against rapidly growing cells (however also damages good cells)
Chemo Drugs
-classified according to pharmacologic action
-Combining cytotoxic drugs (enhance activities of each, minimize does-limiting toxicities, reduce tumor resistance)
Radiation Therapy
-irradiation of the tumor can be specific
-not all tumors sensitive to radiation
-rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive
-irradiated areas may ulcerate (change color/pigment) |
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Term
| Adjunct Management of Cancer Therapy |
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Definition
-Side effect management
-Nutritional management
-Pain management
-Euthanasia planning |
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Term
| Side Effects of Cancer Therapies |
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Definition
-Alopecia (rare, tend to be with breeds with continuously growing hair)
-Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia (run CBC prior to chemo)
-GI upset (2-7 days post chemo)
-Allergic reaction (monitor 15 mins post chemo)
-Cancer can cause alterations in carb, protein, and lipid metabolism (skinny or obese patients) |
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Term
| Human Safety Concerns with Chemo/radiation therapies |
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Definition
-Our cells also sensitive to chemo agents
-Greatest risk during drug prep and admin (from handling of the drugs)
-Develop and follow all chemo SOPs
-Chemo spill kit
-Discuss with owners their safety
-Personal Protection! |
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Term
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Definition
An allergy reaction is due to an overactive response by the immune system
-Pets tend to respond more with skin/ear problems
-Thorough history a must
-Rule outs: thyroid, hormonal, behavioral, seasonal
-80% of ear infections are suspected to be from food allergies |
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Term
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Definition
-Timeline
-Outside and Inside Environment
-Diet
-Other Pets
-Ailments
-Treatments tried (fail or success)
-Seasonal |
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Term
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Definition
4 main types:
-Flea allergy dermatitis (IgE made to recognize a protein in the saliva of the flea that prevents coagulation of the blood)
-Atopy (IgE made to recognize the pollen, mold, dust and other particles)
-Food allergy (IgE produced to recognize the proteins in the food)
*All involve the formation of IgE and release of histamine
-Contact allergy |
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Term
| Clinical Signs with Allergies |
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Definition
-Redness
-Swelling
-Pruritus
-V/D (food allergy)
-Dogs with food allergies tend to poop 2 1/2 times more
-Hairloss
-Skin issues |
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Term
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Definition
-Pattern of hair loss
-Look for fleas or evidence
Secondary
-Pyotraumatic dermatitis
-Pyoderma
-Seborrhea
Chronic
-thickening of dermis
-Acanthosis (thickening of the skin)
-Hyperkeratosis (crusty skin)
-Lichenification (callused areas, like the elbows) |
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Term
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Definition
-History
-Pattern of fur loss and pruritus
-Elimination of fleas, dust, or mites
-Food elimination trials
-Anti-inflammatory meds
(poor response, or good response)
-Skin testing |
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Term
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Definition
-Remove offending allergen
-Environmental/animal flea treatments
-Desensitize with allergy shots
-Novel proteins or pre-digested diets
-Control the inflammation and pruritus
-Anti-pruritic/bacterial shampoos
-Anti-histamines
-Glucocortocoids
-Supplementation with essential fatty acids of Omega 6 and 3 (for atopy)
-Benadryl
-Oral ABs
-Ear meds
-TECABO (total ear canal and bulla osteotomy) |
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Term
| How to identify the poison/toxin in an animal and what questions to ask the owner... |
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Definition
Questions:
-What is the suspected substance?
-How long ago was the exposure?
-Was it swallowed or is it on the animal's skin or eyes?
-How is the pet acting?
-How long has the pet been acting this way?
-Where do they live?
Identifying:
-Gather info from poison packet or label (if available)
-Use local poison control
-National Animal Poison Control Center
-Tell the owner to bring in substance, package, and vomit (if available, analysis of vomit, urine, feces, and other secretions) |
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Term
| How might the animal present from poisons/toxins? |
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Definition
-Muscle tremors or seizures (may cause elevated temp)
-Vomiting and/or diarrhea (may be bloody)
-Excessive salivation
-Redness of skin, ears, eyes
-Mental depression or excitement
-Bleeding
-Ulcerations or blisters of the mouth or skin
-Excessive pawing at the mouth or licking
-Swelling
-Depressed temp (going into shock) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of treatment for these animals? |
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Definition
-Prevent further exposure/damage
-Prevent continued absorption
-"Flush" the body
-Stabilize the patient |
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Term
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Definition
-To prevent further exposure
-Can use table salt, hydrogen peroxide, syrup of ipecac, Apomorphine (dogs only), Xylazine
-DO NOT induce vomiting if the animal has ingested a corrosive agent
-If unsure, don't do it, instead give milk or water to dilute the poison |
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Term
| How to prevent further exposure to the skin and eyes... |
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Definition
Skin:
-Bathing with a mild dishwashing detergent
-Bather must wear gloves to protect themselves
-Keep animal as warm as possible
Ocular Exposure:
-Irrigation of eyes with body temp saline or water
-Minimum irrigation is 20-30mins |
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Term
| How to prevent continued absorption |
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Definition
-Dilution and removal (gastric lavage)
-Binding of substance (activated charcoal)
-Facilitating Excretion (enemas, cathartics, parenteral fluids if renal excretion)
-Gastric Lavage (anesthetize animal, repeat until fluid runs clear, one tube for giving the other for collection, admin of activated charcoal prior to removing tube)
-Activated Charcoal (when ingested occurred >2hrs and induced vomiting won't help, mix with water and use large syringe, caution with handling and can cause constipation or diarrhea)
-Enemas (if given with activated charcoal, charcoal should be repeated afterward, warm water or soapy)
-Cathartics (given orally, increase GI elimination of solid substances like garbage, can use mineral oil or magnesium salts) |
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Term
| Generalized Treatment Plan for poisons/toxins... |
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Definition
1. Identify the poison or toxin
2. Prevent further exposure
3. Prevent continued absorption
4. Administer antidotes
5. Treat the symptoms (minimum database)
6. Support and monitor patient |
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Term
| Ethylene Glycol Toxicities |
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Definition
-Commonly from ingestion of antifreeze
-Treatment is not always effective, so prevention is critical
-Clear, colorless, sweet tasting
-Quickly absorbed by GI tract (try to catch within 2 hours)
-Liver breaks it down into alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), becomes toxic once released by liver, binds with calcium in the blood to form calcium oxalate, then excreted by kidneys where it forms calcium oxalate crystals in the bladder.
-Kidneys receive the most damage when absorbed and filtered |
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Term
Clinical Signs of Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
(Stage 1, 2, 3) |
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Definition
Stage 1:
-Central nervous system
-Occurs 30mins to 12hrs after ingestion
-Signs of alcohol intoxication
-Nausea, Vomiting, Polyuria (from kidneys grabbing onto water/sodium)
Stage 2:
-Cardiopulmonary
-Occurs 12-24hrs after ingestion
-Tachypnea, Tachycardia
-Not seen very often in dogs and cats
Stage 3:
-Oliguric acute renal failure
-12-24hrs in cats, 36-72hrs in dogs
-Vomiting, Anorexia, decreasing to absent urine production, swollen and painful kidneys (painful abdomen) |
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Term
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Ethylene Glycol Toxicity |
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Definition
Diagnosis:
-History, PE, Blood work
-Test kits (EGT, mix a few drops with blood, blood turns dark purple when positive, accurate 30min-12hrs after ingestion)
-Calcium oxalate crystals in urine (3-5hrs after ingestions)
-Wood's Lamp (black light that glows where toxin has come into contact)
Treatment:
-Try too determine amount ingested
-Induce vomiting (giving water in-between)
-Activated Charcoal
-Bolus IV fluids
-Give them Ethanol (diluted vodka)
-4-Methylpyrazole or 40MP (ADH inhibitor, don't give to cats)
-Sodium bicarbonate (reduce metabolic acidosis)
Prognosis:
-Depends on severity of renal dysfunction, which depends on how quickly treatment was given
-Give treatment within 5hrs for dogs, 3hrs for cats
-AVOIDANCE of Ethylene Glycol |
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Term
|
Definition
-Come from the seeds of the Indian Tree
-Pesticide for rodents and coyotes (usually pelleted and dyed green or red
-Bitter tasting (manufacturer adds sweetener)
-Ionized in acidic pH and rapidly absorbed in small intestines
-Metabolized by liver and excreted in urine (24-48hrs)
-Prevents proper operations of chemicals that control nerve signals to the muscles
-Symptoms always the same (agitation, excitability, apprehension, tetanic "seizures", extreme hyperesthesia)
-When owner calls tell them to induce vomiting and to cover animal with blanket when bringing them in to reduce visual stimuli |
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Term
| Strychnine Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis |
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Definition
Diagnosis:
-Levels detected in stomach content, vomitus, liver, kidney, urine
-Multiple samples needed
Prognosis:
-Guarded
-If animal survives may become a little stupid due to lack of oxygen
Treatment:
-Flush system, Activated Charcoal
-Control of seizures
-Muscle relaxants
-Prevention of asphyxiation
-Supportive care |
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Term
| Anticoagulant Poisoning and its clinical signs |
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Definition
-Single direct or indirect exposure
-Antagonizes vitamin K which doesn't allow for normal coagulation to occur
-Stays in the system for a long time (up to 24days), with long lasting effects as well as a long recovery
Clinical Signs:
-within 12-24hrs
-Lethargic and depressed
-Pale MM (petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages
-Hyphema (bleeding into interior chamber of the eye)
-Epistaxis (bloody nose)
-Melena (dark, tarry blood poop)
-HEMORRHAGE |
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Term
| Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Anticoagulant Poisoning |
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Definition
Diagnosis:
-History, Clinical Signs, PE
-Definitive would be ACT, aPTT, PT, BMBT
Treatment:
-Isotonic IV Fluids
-Vitamin K SQ, Vitamin K1 for 5days - 6weeks
-Medication given with meals (which should contain fat for bioavailability)
-Blood transfusion
-Thoracocentesis to alleviate dyspnea (SMALL needles)
-Check clotting time 2-3 days post oral meds
Prevention:
-Simply don't use the products
-Keep poisons away from pets |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common drug toxicity in cats
-Found in a lot of over the counter analgesics, anti-pyretic (Tylenol, Excedrine, Midol, cold and fly meds)
-Death occurs 18-36hrs after ingestion without treatment
-Formation of methemoglobin, Heinz bodies, hemolysis, liver failure
-Cats contain very low levels of Glutathione, which is needed to take iron and make it into hemoglobin |
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Term
Clinical Signs of Acetaminophen toxicity
(stages 1, 2, 3) |
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Definition
Stage 1:
-0-12hrs
-Muddy/brown MM
-Difficulty breathing (progressive)
-Vomiting
-Drooling
Stage 2:
-12-24hrs
-Swelling of the face and limbs
-Uncoordinated movement
-Convulsions/coma
-Death
Stage 3:
->24hrs
-Liver failure
-Painful abdomen (painful spleen)
-Jaundice
-Abnormal mental state |
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Term
| Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Acetaminophen toxicity |
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Definition
Diagnosis:
-Clinical Pathology
-Normal erythrogram with Heinz Bodies
-Anemia happens later on once cell death occurs
-Methemoglobinuria (brown urine)
Treatment:
-Support
-Emesis followed by charcoal
-N-acetylcysteine (binds to acetaminophen metabolites to speed up elimination)
-Fluid and blood transfusion
-Check liver functions
Prognosis:
-Depends on how much liver damage occurred (70-80% damage is considered liver failure)
-Lifetime special care with regular visits to vet to run blood tests |
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Term
| Carbon Monoxide and Corrosive poisonings |
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Definition
CO2:
-results in formation of carboxyhemoglobin
-Clinical signs include drowsiness, lethargy, weakness, in-coordination
-Give oxygen for treatment
Corrosives:
-Acids and Alkali
-Cause burns of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and even skin and cornea
-Immediately respond with diluted water or milk
-DO NOT induce vomiting
-Stabilization of any shock or electrolyte imbalances |
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