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Skull Osteology
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64
Anatomy
Graduate
10/09/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Frontal Bone

Definition

Corona suture

Glabella- space b/t eyebrows and above the nose

Orbital Roof

Posterial/Anterial Ethmoid Foramina

Supraorbital Notch/Foramen

Groove for superior sagittal sinus

Frontal crest

Groove of Ant. Menigeal a/v

Foramen cecum- Emissary veins

Superior/Inferior temporal lines (fascia and tempralis muscle)

Groove of anterior Meningeal a/v

 

Term

 

 

 

Temporomastoid Joint (TMJ)

Definition

Synovial joint

Articulate b/w condyle of mandible and squamous portion of the temporal bone

2 distinct joints

 

Articular disc (meniscus)

Capsule of the joint

Ligaments of joint

  1. Lateral(temporomandibular) ligament
  2. Sphenomandibular ligament
  3. Stylomaindibular ligament

Nerve supply: Auriculotemporal n (CN V3)

 

Movements: Depression, Elevation, Protrusion, Retraction, Lateral movement

 

Term

 

 

 

TMJ joint capsule

Definition

From the neck of condyle around the articular margin

 

Attached anteriorly to the articular eminence

 

Attached posteriorly to the squamotypanic fissure posteriorly

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Ariticular disc of TMJ

Definition

Fibrous - molded to the boy joint surfaces

 

Its margin merge with the join capsule

Separate avascular anterior and posterior band 

 

Anteriorly: attached to lateral pterygoid muscle

Posteriorly: disc becomes bilaminar

Superiorly: attached to anterior margin of the squmotympanic fissure

Inferiorly: posterior margin of condyle

Term

 

 

 

Lateral ligament

(Temporalmandibular ligament)

Definition

 

 

 

Lower border of zygomatic process of temporal bone

 

Posterior border of condylar neck and ramus of the mandible

Term

 

 

 

Sphenomandibular ligament

Definition

 

 

Spine of sphenoid 

 

Lingua of mandible

Term

 

 

 

Stylomandibular ligament

Definition

 

 

 

 

Styloid process of temporal bone

 

Angle and posterior border of ramus of the mandible

Term

 

 

 

Depression of TMJ

Definition

  1. Lateral pterygoid muscle
  2. Suprahyoid muscle
  3. Infrahyoid muscle 

Term

 

 

 

Elevation of TMJ

Definition

 

  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial pterygoid 

Term

 

 

 

Protrusion of TMJ

Definition

 

 

  1. Lateral pterygoid muscle
  2. Medial pterygoid muscle
  3. Masseter

Term

 

 

 

Retraction of TMJ

Definition

  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter

Term

 

 

Lateral movement of TMJ

 

Definition

 

 

  1. Temporalis (on the same side)
  2. Medial/lateral pterygoid (opposite side)
  3. Masseter (same side)

Term

 

 

 

Olfactory N

Definition

Special sensory

 

O: Olfactory cells

E: foramina in the cribrifrom plate of the ethmoid

 

Smell from nasal mucosal (in roof of each naal cavity, and superior sides of nasal septum and superior concha)

Term

 

 

 

OPTIC NERVE

CN II

Definition

Special Sensory

 

O: Retina (ganglion cells)

E: Optic canal

 

Vision from retina

Term

 

 

 

OCULOMOTOR NERVE

CN III

Definition

Somatic motor

 

O- midbrain

E- Superior Orbital Fissure

Motor to supply inf./med. Rectus, Inf. Oblique/ Levator palpebrae superioris muscle 

Raises upper eyelid

Turns eyeball sup./Inf/medially

 

Visceral motor

O- preganglionic (midbrain)

E- superior orbital fissure

Parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle

Constrict pupil/ accommodate lens of eyes

 

Run in lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

Lesion --> ptosis (dropping) of upper eyelid

               No pupilillary reflexes

               Dilation of the pupil caused by

               interruption of the Parasympathetic

               fibers to the iris

               Eyeball abduted with slight inferior

               direction 

               No accommodation of the lens b/c of 

               paralysis of the ciliary muscle

 

Term

 

 

 

Trochlear nerve

CN IV

Definition

Somatic Motor

O: midbrain

E: superior orbital fissure

 

Motor to the superior oblique that assists in turning of the eye inferoiolaterally

 

emerges from the dorsal side of the midbrain and pases anteriorly in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

 

Lesion --> diploplia  (double vision)

Term

 

 

 

Trigeminal nerve 

CN V

Definition

3 branches

Mixed nerve

Term

 

 

 

Opthalamic Nerve

CN V1

Definition

General sensory

 

O: trigeminal ganglion

E: superior orbital fissure

 

Sensation from the cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Term

 

 

 

Maxillary nerve

CN V2

Definition

General sensory

O: trigeminal ganglion

E: foramen rotundum

 

Sensation from face over maxilla, including upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses and palate

Term

 

 

 

Mandibular Nerve

CN V3

Definition

Mixed

 

Branchial motor

O: pons

E: foramen ovale

Motor to :

Masseter, temporalis, medial/lateral pterygoid, Mylohyoid, Anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani

 

General sensory (same O/E)

Sensation from the skin over mandible, including lower lip and side of head

Mandibular teeth

TMJ

mucosa of mouth and anteiro 2/3 of tongue

Term

 

 

 

Abducent nerve

CN VI

Definition
Somatic Motor

O: pons
E: superior orbital fissure
Motor to lateral rectus that turn eyes laterally

passes through the cavernous sinus before entering the superior orbital fissure

Lesion: Paralysis, causing medial deviation of effected eye, can not abduct the eye
Term

 

 

Facial Nerve 

CN VII

Definition

Branchial Motor

O:pons

E: IAM, facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen

 

Motor to muscles of facial expression and scalp

Supplies stapedius of middle ear

Styloid and posterior belly of digastric

 

Special sensory

O: Geniculate ganglion

E: IAM, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, (floor of mouth and palate)

 

General sensory - Sensation from skin of EAM

 

Visceral motor

O: preganglionic- pons

    postganglionic - pterygopalatne ganglion and                              submandibular ganglion

E: IAM, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

Parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland and glands of nose and palate

 

Term

 

 

Vestibulocochlear Nerve 

CN VIII

 

Definition

Special sensory - Hearing

2 parts

 

O: Vesibular ganglion - equlibrium

E: IAM

veistublar sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule related to position and movement of the head

 

O: Sprial ganglion 

E: IAM

Hearing from spiral organ

Term

 

 

 

Glossopharygneal nerve 

CN IX

Definition

Mixed nerve

Branchial Motor

O: medulla

E: Jugular foramen

Motor to stylopharyngeus that assists with swallowing

 

Viseral motor

O: pre - medulla post: Otic ganglion

E: Jugular foramen

Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland

 

 

Viscery sensory

O: superior ganglion

E: Jugular foramen

Visceral sensation form parotid gland, carotid body and sinus

 

Special sensory

O:Inferior ganglion

E: jugular foramen

Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

 

General sensory (same as above)- cutaneous sensation from external ear

 

Term

 

 

 

VAGUS NERVE

CNX

Definition
Term

 

 

 

Accessory nerve 

CN XI

Definition

Cranial root - Somatic motor

O: Medulla

E: Jugular foramen

motor to striated muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx via fibers that join CN X

 

Spinal root- Branchial motor

O: spinal cord

E: jugular foramen

Motor to SCM and trapezius

Term

 

 

 

Hypoglossal nerve

CN XII

Definition

Somatic motor

 

O- Medulla

E- hypoglossal canal

 

Motor muscle to tongue 

Term

Pterygoid Fovea

 

[image]

Definition

Upper most medial size of the ramus

Insertion site of the lateral pterygoid muscle

 

Term

Mandibular notch 

[image]

Definition

Surrmounted by two processes : coronoid proces and condyloid process

 

Passage for :

  1. Masseter nerve (V3) --> Masseter muscle
  2. Massteric a. (Max a.)- deep to tendon of temporalis ( anatomeses with maxillary a. (Facial) and transverse facial a.
  3. Masseteric v. 

 

Term

Antegonial notch

[image]

Definition

Depression along jawline - groove for facial a. 

 

Term

Nasal septum 

[image]

Definition

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Vomer

Cartilage of septum

Crest of maxillary bone

Crest of palatine bone

Term

Zygomaticofacial foramen

[image]

Definition

On zygomatic bone (Malar surface)

 

Passage for zygomaticofacial n (V2) --> skin of malar

Cross inferolateral angel of orbit and leave zygomatic bone through zygomaticofacial foramen and pierced through orbicularis oculi

 

Plexus with zygomatic branch of facial n (CN VII) and inferior palpebral branches of maxillary n. 

Term

Conchae

[image]

Definition

Superior/Middle conchae = ethomoid bone

Inferior conchae - individual bone

 

Rough with holes due to high vasculation

 

Conchea + Mucosa = Turbinate

Term

Lacrimal groove/ Sulcus

[image]

Definition

Nasal surface of maxilla body --> Nasal canal

 

Open into inferior meatus of nose

Transmit nasolacrimal duct 

Term

Pterygoid canal

 

[image]

Definition

Runs through the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone to the back wall of the pterygopalatine fossa

 

Contains :

  1. Greater superficial petrosal nerve/a

Term

Greater Superficial Petrosal N. 

[image]

Definition

Emerges through hiatus of facial canal-->medially along anterior slop of petrous temporal bone--> superior aspect of cartilage (over foramen lacerum) --> joined by deep perosal nerve --> Make right angle--> enter pterygoid canal --> pterygoidpalatine ganglion

 

Function: 

-gustatory (taste)

-parasympathetic fibres.

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from pterygopalatine ganglion supply lacrimal gland and the mucosal glands of the nose, palate, and pharynx. The gustatory fibres do not relay in the ganglion and are distributed to the palate.

 

 

Term

Facial Canal

[image]

Definition

A Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen

It is located within the middle ear region

it is divided into three main segments:

 

  1. the labyrinthine
  2. the tympanic
  3. the mastoidal segmen

 

Term
Parasympathetic Innervation of Lacrimal gland
Definition

Greater petrosal n (CN VII) at geniculate ganglion --> join deep petrosal n at foramen lacerum --> form nerve of pterygoid canal --> pterygoid canal --> pterygoidpalatine fossa--> post synapses with parasympathetic fiber --> innervates lacrimal glands (via Zygomatic branch of V2 + lacrimal nerve of V1)

 

Term
Parasympathetic innervation of submandibular and sublingual glands
Definition

Chorda tympani n (superior to stylomastoid foramen)--> cross tymapnic cavity--> petrotympanic fissure--> join lingual nerve  (V3)(in infratemporal fossa) --> parasympathetic of chorda tympanic synapse in submandibular ganglion--> post syn follow arteries --> Glands

Term

Chorda tympani

[image]

Definition

Emerges through petrotympanic fissure

Special sense : Join lingua nerve -- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

 

Preganglionic parasympathetics  --> submandibular and sublingual glands (synapses in submandibular ganglion)

 

Term

Superior orbital fissure

[image]

Definition

Structures that passed through it:

  • superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve (III)
  • trochlear nerve (IV)
  • lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1)
  • abducens nerve (VI)
  • superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein
  • sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus

 

Rochon-Duvigneaud's syndrome is a neurological disorder that results if the superior orbital fissure is fractured. Involvement of the cranial nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure may lead to diplopia, paralysisof extraocular motions, exophthalmos, and ptosis. Blindness or loss of vision indicates involvement of the orbital apex, which is more serious, requiring urgent surgical intervention.

Term

Foramen rotundum

[image]

 

Definition

Circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa

 

Maxillary nerve passes through and exits the skull via the pterygopalatine fossa and the foramen rotundum


Term

Foramen ovale

[image]

Definition

Anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum

Contains: 

  • Mandibular nerve (V3
  • Accessory meningeal artery (small meningeal or parvidural branch, sometimes derived from the middle meningeal artery)
  • Lesser petrosal nerve of (CN IX) (note: the lesser superficial petrosal nerve sometimes passes through a special canal (canaliculus innominatus of Arnold), situated medial to theforamen spinosum)
  • Emissary veins (from the cavernous sinus to the pterygoid plexus)
  • The otic ganglion is situated directly under the foramen, but is also transmitted through the foramen ovale.


Term

 

 

 

Foramen spinosum

 

Definition


  • middle meningeal artery
  • a recurrent branch, the nervus spinosus, from the mandibular nerve (V3)
  • the posterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein

Term

 

 

 

Foramen lacerum

Definition

Triangular hole in the base of the skull located at the base of the medial pterygoid plate.


Structures associated with the foramen are

  1. the internal carotid artery, which enters posteriorly and emerges superiorly
  2. the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve (which join to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal)
  3. a meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery (a branch of the external carotid artery)
  4. emissary veins, which link the cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus.


Term

IAM

[image]

Definition

Does not transmit sound waves.

It instead transmits

  1. the facial (travels through the facial canal, eventually exiting the skull at the stylomastoid foramen) CN VII
  2. the vestibulocochlear nerves CN VIII
  3. labyrinthine artery(an internal auditory branch of the basilar artery

Term

Stylomastoid foramen

 

Definition

Between styloid and mastoid process
Termination of facial canal. Contain:
  1. Facial Nerve
  2. Styloidmastroid artery
Bell's Palsy syndrome result from inflammation of facial nerve as it leaves the styloidmastoid foramen --> face drooping on affected side

Term

Petrotympanic fissure

[image]

Definition

fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity

 

passage to the 

1. anterior tympanic a. branch of the internal maxillary artery.

2. communications of cranial nerves chorda tympani VII and lingual nerve of CN IX to the infratemporal fossa

 


 


Term
Lateral pterygoid plates
Definition

Attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle

Its medial surface forms part of the pterygoid fossa, and gives attachment to the medial pterygoid muscle.

 


Term

 

 

Medial pterygoid plate

Definition
Term

Articular tubercle

[image]

 

Definition

Anterior limit of TMJ

 

articulate withe the mandible

 

anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the Squama temporalis, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong

Term
Styloid Process
Definition

 anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx.

  • Its proximal part (tympanohyal) is ensheathed by the vaginal process of the tympanic portion.
  • Its distal part (stylohyal) gives attachment to the following:
    • stylohyoid ligament
    • stylomandibular ligament
    • styloglossus muscle (innervated by the hypoglossal nerve)
    • stylohyoid muscle (innervated by the facial nerve)
    • stylopharyngeus muscle (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve)

Term
Mastoid Process
Definition

attachment of the 

  1. Digastric
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Splenius capitis
  4. Longissimus capitis muscles

Term
Supraorbital notch
Definition
Supraorbital n (from frontal n of V1), artery and vein
Term
Infraorbital foramen
Definition

Intraorbital n (V2) [sensation to lower eyelid, upper lip and vestibule]  

 

artery

 

vein

Term
Mental foramen
Definition

Mental n (V3) /a/v 

divides beneath the Depressor anguli oris muscle into three branches:

  • one descends to the skin of the chin.
  • two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Term
Inferior orbital fissure
Definition

Contains:

  1. zygomatic branch of V2 Maxillary nerve
  2. Sphenopalatine ganglion
Does not have a/v (those are in the infraorbital foramen)

It is formed by the sphenoid bone and maxilla.

Term
Zygomatic arch
Definition

formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone ( the two being united by an oblique suture)

 

Tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible


The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter.

Term
Infratemporal fossa
Definition

It is bounded by the following structures:

  • anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from itszygomatic process
  • posteriorly, by the articular tubercle of the temporal and the spinal angularis of the sphenoid
  • superiorly, by the greater wing of the sphenoid below the infratemporal crest, and by the under surface of the temporal squama
  • inferiorly, by the alveolar border of the maxilla
  • medially, by the lateral pterygoid plate
  • laterally, by the ramus of mandible

it has NO FLOOR

 

Muscles

  • the lower part of the Temporalis muscle
  • lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

[edit]Vessels

The internal maxillary vessels, consisting of the maxillary artery originating from the external carotid artery and its branches.

Internal maxillary branches found within the infratemporal fossa including the

  • middle meningeal artery
  • inferior alveolar artery
  • deep temporal artery
  • buccal artery

[edit]Veins

  • pterygoid venous plexus

[edit]Nerves

Mandibular nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve, chorda tympani nerve, and otic ganglion.[1]

[edit]Mandibular nerve

  • Mandibular nerve which is the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), also known as the "inferior maxillary nerve" or nervus mandibularis, enters infratemporal fossa from middle cranial fossa through foramen ovale.

Motor branches:

  • masseteric nerve
  • deep temporal nerve
  • lateral pterygoid nerve and medial pterygoid nerve

Term
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Definition

vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.

It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery. Alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve go from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure.

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