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Skeletons!
Test review.
139
Anatomy
12th Grade
03/01/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How many bones are there in the body?
Definition
206
Term
What are joints?
Definition
Junction of 2 or more bones
Term
What are Cartilages?
Definition
Support, flexibility, and resilience
Term
What are ligaments?
Definition
Fasten bone to bone
Term
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Definition
Axial and Appendicular
Term
What is the axial skeleton?
Definition

Long axis of the body

 

Skull, vertebra, and thorax

Term
What is the Appendicular skeleton?
Definition

Upper and lower limbs and girdles

 

shoulder bones and hip bones

Term
What are the functions of the Skeletal system?
Definition
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Blood Cell formation
Term
How does the skeletal system protect?
Definition

Axial

 

Provide a framework that supports the body and soft organs

Term
How does the skeletal system protect?
Definition

Skull protects the brain

 

Vertebrae protects the spinal cord

 

Ribcage protects the thoracic cavity organs

Term
How doe the skeletal system move?
Definition

Appendicular

 

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body and its parts

 

joints determine the types of movements possible

Term
How does the skeletal system store?
Definition

Axial and appendicular

 

Bone is a reservoir for minerals (mainly calcium and phosphate) and adipost tissue (fat).

 

stored minerals are released into the blood as needed

Term
How does the skeletal system form blood cells?
Definition

Marrow cavities


Hematopoiesis

 

in newborns all bones form blood cells

 

in adults a select few form blood cells

Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Definition
Formation of blood cells
Term
What are the three different types of bone cells?
Definition

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Term
What are osteocytes?
Definition

Mature bone cells

 

Osteoblasts that have become trapped in lacunae

 

Maintain the bone matrix

Term
What are osteoblasts?
Definition

Bone Building

 

Found in periosteum and endosteum

 

Secrete matrix (collagen and ground substance)

Term
What are osteoclasts?
Definition

Bone destroying

 

giant cells that participate in bone resorption

 

mainly found in endosteum

 

release minerals into blood stream

Term
What is the hard matrix of a bone made of?
Definition

Collagen fibers and ground substance

 

inorganic hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)

 

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

 

Although the tissue looks dense, it is riddled with passageways for vessels and nerves

Term
What is another name for the Osteon?
Definition

lacunae

 

haversian system

Term
What is the osteon (haversian system)?
Definition

the structural unit of compact bone

 

elongated cylinder parallel to the axis of the bone and are tiny eight bearing pillars

 

osteoblasts secrete matrix and become trapped inside osteon in lacunae

 

as they secrete matrix, they produce hollow tubes of bone matrix, one placed outside the other, like growth rings on a tree trunk

 

each tube is a lamellae

Term
What is the central (haversian) canal?
Definition

opening in the center of the osteon

 

carries blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients for bone cells

Term
What are the Volkmann's (perforating) canals?
Definition
connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum to haversian canal and medullary cavity
Term
What is canalculi?
Definition

tiny canals that connect the lacunae to each other

 

radiate from the central canal to the lacunae

Term
What is the interstitial lamellae?
Definition

Not all lamellae are part of osteons

 

lying between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae

 

fill the gaps between osteons are remnants of old osteons

Term
Bones are ______
Definition
organs!
Term
What are the bone cells?
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
What is the bone matrix made of?
Definition
calcium salts and collagen
Term
What are the two basic types of bone tissues?
Definition
Compact (outer layer) and Spongy (internal layer)
Term
What is compact bone?
Definition
dense and solid
Term
What is spongy bone?
Definition
Honeycomb of small needle-like pieces of bone called trabeculae
Term
What is trabeculae?
Definition

honeycomb of small needle-like pieces of bone

 

aka Spongy bone

Term
What is a honeycomb of small needle-like pieces of bone?
Definition

trabeculae

 

aka Spongy bone

Term
What is red marrow?
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
What is yellow marrow?
Definition
Adipose storage
Term
What are long bones?
Definition

Longer than wide


Shaft plus two heads

 

All limb bones except for patella, ankles, and wrist bones

Term
What are short bones?
Definition

Generally cube-shape

 

bones of wrists and ankles

Term
What are flat bones?
Definition

Thin and flattened; usually curved

 

thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

Term
What are irregular bones?
Definition

Irregular shape

 

does not fit into other bone classifcation categories

Term
What type of bones are the fingers?
Definition
 long bones
Term
What types of bones are the ribs?
Definition
Flat bones
Term
What types of bones are the vertebrae?
Definition
Irregular
Term
What is the diaphysis?
Definition

shaft

 

long axis of the bone

 

composed of compact bone tissue

 

surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity

Term
What is the Medullary cavity?
Definition

center of long bones

 

contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

 

contains red marrow in infants

Term
What is the epiphysis?
Definition

ends

 

compact bone around exterior

 

interior contains spongy bone

 

covered with an articular (hyaline) cartilage

Term
What is articular cartilage?
Definition

covers the external surface of the epiphysis and made of hyaline cartilage

 

decreases friction at joint surfaces

Term
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Definition

hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

 

AKA growth plate

Term
What is the epiphyseal line?
Definition
where diaphysis and epiphysis meet in adult bones
Term
What is the periosteum?
Definition

External covering of the bone

 

outer layer is fibrous connective tissue

 

membrane contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

 

inner layer consists of bone-forming cells

 

secured to underlying bone  by sharpey's fibers

Term
What is the endosteum?
Definition

internal bone surface membrane in the medullary cavity

 

covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of the compact bone

 

contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Term
What are some surface features of bones? (markings)
Definition
projections, depressions, and openings
Term
What are bone markings?
Definition

sites of muscles, ligament, and tendon attachments at joint surfaces

 

passages for nerves and blood vessels

Term
What are projections/processes?
Definition
they grow out from the bone surface
Term
What are depressions or cavities?
Definition
indentations
Term
Name the Projections that are sites for muscle and ligament attachment.
Definition
the crying turtle likes to eat spinach pies
Term
Name the projections that help form joints.
Definition
He Likes rainbow candies.
Term
Name the depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass.
Definition
Mike sings falsetto greatly for Frances.
Term
(LOOK OVER PROJECTIONS AND DEPRESSIONS!)
Definition
Term
The Axial skeleton forms the ______ part of the body.
Definition
Longitudinal
Term
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Definition
protects the brain, spinal cord and organs in the thorax
Term
What are the three regions that make up the axial skeleton?
Definition

Skull

 

vertebral column

 

bony thorax

Term
What is the skull?
Definition

most complex bony structure

 

all flat bones

 

divided into cranium and facial bones

Term
What is the cranium?
Definition

enclose and protects the brain, bony "helmet"

 

attachment sites for head and neck muscles

Term
What are the facial bones? (definition)
Definition

framework for face

cavities for special sense organs

openings for food and air

secure teeth

anchor facial muscles (expression)

Term
What are the cranium bones?
Definition

paired bones: parietal and temporal bones

 

unpaired bones: frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

Term
What are the facial bones?
Definition

madible

vomer

maxilla

zygomatic

nasal

palatine

Term
What are sutures?
Definition
interlocking joints that firmly unite the bones of the adult skull.
Term
What are the interlocking joints that firmly unite the bones of the adult skull?
Definition
Sutures
Term
What are the four sutures?
Definition

Squamous

Sagittal

Lambdoid

Coronal

Term
What is the frontal bone?
Definition

forms anterior cranium

articulates with parietal bone via coronal suture

areas above orbits are the frontal sinuses

Term
What are the parietal bones?
Definition
Paired, superior and lateral walls of the cranium
Term
What is the external auditory meatus?
Definition
external ear canal
Term
What is the Styloid process?
Definition
needlelike process; attachment point for tongue and neck muscles
Term
What is the zygomatic process?
Definition
barlike projection that meets the zygomatic bone
Term
What is the mastoid process?
Definition
an anchoring site for some neck muscles
Term
What is the nasal bone?
Definition

forming the bridge of the nose

 

lower part of nose is cartilage

Term
What is the vomer?
Definition

single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity

 

nasal septum

Term
What is the zygomatic bone?
Definition

cheekbones

 

form lateral walls of the eye sockets

Term
What is the maxilla?
Definition

paired bones fused to form upper jaw

 

carry the upper teeth

Term
What is the palatine?
Definition
Form posterior part of the hard palate
Term
What is the mandible?
Definition

Largest and strongest bone of the face

 

mandibular ramus joins the temp. bones on each side

 

form the only freely movable joints in the skull

 

site of mental foramen (little holes)

Term
What is the sphenoid bone?
Definition

butterfly shaped bone

spans the width of the skull

forms the central wedge and articulates with all other cranium bones

within the body of the sphenoid is the sphenoid sinuses

Term
What is the occipital bone?
Definition

in the back of the cranium

 

foramen magnum and occipital condyles

Term
What is the foramen magnum?
Definition
large opening where spinal cord connects with the brain
Term
What are the occipital condyles?
Definition
rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column and allows us to nod "yes"
Term
What are the four sinuses?
Definition

Ethnoid

 

frontal

 

sphenoid

 

maxillary

Term
What are the functions of the sinuses?
Definition

contain mucous-lined air-filled sinuses clustered around nasal cavity

 

lightens the skull and enchances resonance of voice

 

air enters sinuses from nasal cavity and warms and humidifies it.

Term
What is the hyoid bone?
Definition

not really part of the skull

 

looks like a miniature version of the mandible "U-shaped"

 

unique bc it is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone

 

anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temp. bones

 

acts as a movable base for the tongue

 

provides attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech

 

(located in the throat)

Term
At birth we have __ vertebrae and as an adult we have __ vertebrae and _ fused.
Definition
33, 24, 9
Term
What is the function of the curvatures in the vertebrae?
Definition
Flexibility and resilience
Term
What separates the vertebrae?
Definition
intervertebral discs
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition

"Twisted disease"

 

Abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic region

Term
What is Kyphosis?
Definition

"hunchback"

 

dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature

 

common in elderly people due to osteoporosis

Term
What is Lordosis?
Definition

"Swayback"

 

exaggerated lumbar curvature

 

temporary for pregnant or obese people

Term
What are the two organs that the Bony Thorax protects?
Definition
Heart and Lungs
Term
What is the general shape of the bony thorax?
Definition
inverted cone
Term
The bony thorax is composed of what three parts?
Definition

sternum

 

thoracic vertebrae

 

12 ribs

Term
What is intercostal space?
Definition
space between ribs that are filled with muscles that aid in breathing
Term
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Definition

limbs (appendages)

Pectorial girdle (shoulder)

pelvic girdle (hips)

Term
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
enables the body to carry out movements
Term
Shoulder girdle is ___ when compared to the pelvic girdle.
Definition
lighter and more unstable
Term
Where do the clavicle and the scapule meet?
Definition
acromioclavicular joint on the lateral end
Term
the pectorial girdle (shoulder) is good for what and bad for what?
Definition

good for flexibility

 

bad for stability

Term
what is the glenoid cavity?
Definition
articulates with humerus forming the shoulder joint
Term
what is the acromion?
Definition
articulates with clavicle at acromioclavicular joint
Term
what is the coracoid process?
Definition
anchors biceps
Term
What is the spine?
Definition
posterior surface of scapula
Term
What four things make up the upper limb?
Definition

shoulder girdle

arm

forearm

hand

Term
What is the head of the humerus?
Definition
proximal end of humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity
Term
what is the greater and lesser tubercle?
Definition
sites for attachment of rotator cuff muscles
Term
what is the deltoid tuberosity?
Definition
attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
Term
What is the trochlea?
Definition
distal end of humerus, medial side that articulates with ulna
Term
what is the capitulum?
Definition
lateral ball like projection that articulates with radius
Term
both ends of the forearm form joints with each other at ______ joints.
Definition
radioulnar
Term
What connects the radius and the ulna?
Definition
interosseous membrane (ligament)
Term
What is the olecranon?
Definition
process that grips the trochlea of the humerus
Term
what is the coronoid process?
Definition
process that grips the trochlea of the humerus and forms the hinge joint of the elbow
Term
what is the styloid process of ulna?
Definition
attaches a ligament to the wrist
Term
what is the radial tuberosity?
Definition
anchors the biceps muscle of the arm
Term
what is the styloid process of the radius?
Definition
anchors ligament of wrist
Term
What make up the bones of the lower limb
Definition
hip thigh leg and foot
Term
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
Definition
ilium ischium and pubis, they fuse together when we are adults
Term
What is the acetabulum?
Definition
where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse and form a deep socket on pelvis - receives head of femur
Term
What is the sacroiliac joint?
Definition
point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle
Term
What is the iliac crest?
Definition
attachment for many muscles
Term
what is the ischial tuberosity?
Definition
attachment site for a massive ligament and hamstring muscles
Term
What is the oburator foramen?
Definition

large opening in the hip bone

 

joined together by a fibrocartilage disc called the pubic symphysic joint

 

inferior to the joint is an inverted v-arch called the pubic arch

Term
is the pubic arch on a woman larger or narrower than a mans?
Definition
larger
Term
What are the greater and lesser trochanters?
Definition
sites of attachment for thigh and buttocks muscles
Term
what are the lateral and medial condyles?
Definition
distal projections that articulate with the tibia
Term
what is the patella?
Definition

kneecappp

 

bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the thigh muscles to the tibia

Term
what connects the tibia and fibula?
Definition
interosseous membrane
Term
Both ends of the tibia and fibula articulate at the ______ joint.
Definition
tibiofibular
Term
What is the tibial tuberosity?
Definition
point where the patellar ligament attaches
Term
What is bigger, the ulna or the radius?
Definition
ulna
Term
What is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?
Definition
tibia
Term
What is the medial malleolus?
Definition
ankle joint
Term
What is the fibula?
Definition
stick-like bone with expanded ends
Term
what is the lateral malleolus?
Definition
distal end that articulates with talus; ankle bulge
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