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Skeleton
JJC Vet Tech
116
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
09/06/2014

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Cards

Term
The skull consists of the bones of the ___, ___, and ___.
Definition
cranium
face
ear
Term
List the external bones of the cranium, from caudal to rostral:
Definition
occipital
interparietal
parietal
temporal
frontal
Term
Define "cranium."
Definition
the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain
Term
List the external bones of the face, from rostral to caudal:
Definition
incisive
nasal
maxillary
lacrimal
zygomatic
mandible
Term
List the bones of the ear, from outside to inside:
Definition
malleus
incus
stapes
Term
The vertical part of the mandible is called the ___. The horizontal part is the ___.
Definition
V: ramus
H: body
Term
The zygomatic bone can also be called the ___.
Definition
malar bone
Term
"Malar" refers to what bone?
Definition
zygomatic
Term
How does the eye orbit different in herbiores vs carnivores?
Definition
In herbivores, the eye is completely surrounded by a bony orbit. In carnivores, the bony part is incomplete to allow for the temporalis muscle.
Term
A vertebrae has __ processes. What are they?
Definition
7:
1 spinal
2 transverse
4 articular
Term
How many processes are on the mandible?
Definition
3:
coronoid
articular / condyloid
angular
Term
Which cervical vertebrae have names, and what are they?
Definition
C1 atlas / "yes"
C2 axis / "no"
C6 sled
Term
Classic features of thoracic vertebrae:
Definition
-articular facets
-2 fovea
Term
What is the temporal fossa?
Definition
Part of the parietal bone where temporal muscle attaches. Rough on carnivores.
Term
Herbivores have an additional process that makes up the "cheekbone." What is it?
Definition
zygomatic process of frontal bone
Term
In carnivores, what attaches to the tiny zygomatic process of the frontal bone?
Definition
orbital ligament
Term
Difference in the parietal and frontal bones between herbivors and carnivores?
Definition
Herbs have large frontal, small parietal because of head butting. Carnivores have large parietal, small frontal.
Term
What comprises the bony orbit of herbivores?
Definition
-temporal process of zygomatic
-zygomatic process of temporal
-zygomatic process of frontal
CHECK WITH ACTUAL SKULL
Term
The axial skeleton is comprised of:
Definition
skull
hyoid apparatus
vertebral column
thorax
Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Definition
7
Term
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Definition
13, except horses have 18
Term
The spinal ends where? What is it called?
Definition
articulation of last two lumbar vertebrae, "cauda equina"
Term
The mandible articulates with the ____.
Definition
temporal
Term
What is the temporal fossa?
Definition
rough surface on parietal bone where temporalis attaches
Term
What is the name of the rough surface of the parietal bone? Why is it there?
Definition
temporal fossa, temporalis attaches
Term
What species have interparietal bones?
Definition
cats, horses
Term
What bone protects the nasal canal from lateral injury?
Definition
incisive
Term
Holes in the maxillary bone are called:
Definition
infraorbital foramen
Term
What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
Definition
nerve, artery for upper gums and teeth, including incisive
Term
Where might you insert a needle to apply a nerve block for upper dental extractions?
Definition
infraorbital foramen
Term
What is the name of the smooth indentation on the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus? Why is it there?
Definition
massateric fossa; masseter attaches here
Term
What part of the lower jaw is part of the TMJ?
Definition
condyloid process
Term
How to fix a Fx mandibular symphesis?
Definition
fix with wire behind canines, under tongue
Term
What feature on the mandible is only found in carnivores? What is it for?
Definition
angular process; attaches to muscles that open the jaw wide
Term
Where is the hyoid apparatus situated?
Definition
surrounds the larynx
Term
Function of the hyoid process?
Definition
pull tongue back, larynx up to swallow
Term
Main features of the different vertebrae:
Definition
C- square
T- long dorsal spine, no transverse processes, 2 fovea
L- blocky, long transverse processes, smaller dorsal spines
S- fused together
Cy- tinier
Term
Technical name for the "yes" joint:
The "no" joint?
Definition
Yes: occipitoatlantal
No: atlantoaxial
Term
How many ribs do dogs and cats have? Horses?
Definition
dog/cat: 26
horse: 36
Term
The highest dorsal spine of the T vert usually is near...
Definition
shoulder blades (withers)
Term
The anticlinal vertebrae is usually ___ in carnivores.
Definition
carnivores: T11
Term
Dogs usually have ___ lumbar vertebrae, whereas horses usually have ___.
Definition
dogs: 7
horses: 6 (some Arabians 5)
Term
The first T vert is usually ___ the scapula.
Definition
before
Term
What is the thorax? (name its boundaries)
Definition
bony cavity formed by the sternum ventrally, ribs and costal cartilages laterally, and the T vert dorsally
Term
What are the basic shapes the sternum can have?
Definition
keel-shaped, flattened
Term
Name the three parts of the sternum:
Definition
manubrium, sternebrae, xiphoid process
Term
The ribs have ___ areas of articulation with the T vert.
Definition
2
Term
Ribs: True vs False vs Floating
Definition
True: articulate w/sternum
False: articulate with costal cartilage
Floating: articula w/nothing
Term
How many floating ribs does the dog have?
Definition
1 pair
Term
What is the costal arch?
Definition
area where two costal cartilages meet
Term
The 5th intercostal space is between ribs __ and __.
Definition
5 and 6
Term
What are the borders of the thoracic inlet?
Definition
C7/T1 dorsally
1st ribs laterally
manubrium ventrally
Term
Describe the sternums of the following animals:
dog
cat
horse
ruminant
Definition
dog: bumpy, mostly flat
cat: slight razor edge, mostly flat
horse: keel-shaped; can't lay flat on chest
ruminant: mostly flat, can lay flat
Term
The horse's scapula lacks ___.
Definition
acromion process
Term
Brachium
Definition
"arm"
humerus
Term
Antebrachium
Definition
"forearm"
radius + ulna
Term
Technical name of the cannon bone?
Definition
metacarpus / metatarsus
Term
Technical name of the fetlock?
Definition
metacarpophalangeal joint
metatarsophalangeal joint
Term
The joint just above the cannon is called...
Definition
carpo-metacarpal joint
tarso-metatarsal joint
Term
What is the manus?
Definition
proximal row of the carpus all the way down
Term
What are the phalanges called in the horse?
Definition
long / short pastern, coffin bone
Term
What muscles surround the equine cannon bone?
Definition
None! No muscles below the knee or hock in the equine!!
Term
Name the "sling" muscle which attaches the thoracic limb to the body:
Definition
serratus ventralis
Term
Where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
Definition
glenoid cavity
Term
What muscles attach to the lateral surface of the scapula?
Definition
supraspinatus muscle
infraspinatus muscle
Term
On the scapula, there are two smooth, flat surfaces on either spine of the scapular spine. These are called:
Definition
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
Term
In the equine, what joint is below the shoulder?
Definition
scapulohumeral
Term
In the equine, what joint is between the brachium and antebrachium?
Definition
humeroradial
Term
In the equine, what joint is between the antebrachium and the knee?
Definition
radiocarpal
Term
MP
PIP
DIP
Definition
MP: metacarpophalangeal joint
PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint
DIP: distal interphalangeal joint
Term
What is "Sweeny"?
Definition
deterioration of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus muscles in the horse, usu. due to an ill-fitting collar
Term
What causes Sweeny?
Definition
nerves run medially on scapula and innervate muscles under the acromion, but horses have no acromion process to protect them; ill-fitting collars can dig into the nerve and damage it, also fence/stall trauma
Term
Cats have an extra feature in the shoulder called the...
Definition
suprahamate process (on the scapula); near acromion but points caudally
Term
The olecranon fossa is on the ___ surface of the ___.
Definition
dorsal surface of humerus
Term
What fits into the olecranon fossa?
Definition
anconeal process of ulna
Term
The olecranon fossa is on what bone?
Definition
humerus
Term
Supination vs Pronation
Definition
Supination: bringing palm medically (licking soup from paw)

Pronation: bringing palm laterally (steering)
Term
From proximal to distal, the radius goes from __ to __ (sides of body).
Definition
Prox-Dist goes lateral to medial
Term
From proximal to lateral, the ulna goes from __ to __ (sides of body).
Definition
Prox-Lat goes somewhat medial to lateral; disappears distally in some spp
Term
In carnivores, the __ is always the longest bone in the body.
Definition
ulna
Term
How long does the anconeal process take to ossify?
Definition
up to 2 years
Term
Fx anconeal process is called:
Definition
un-united anconeal process
Term
The proximal row of carpal bones are referred to by ___, whereas the distal row bones are referred to by ___.
Definition
prox: names
dist: #s
Term
Bones of the carpus/tarsus or metacarpus/metatarsal are named or numbered going from ___ to ___.
Definition
medial to lateral
Term
What is the most lateral bone in the proximal row of the carpus?
Definition
accessory carpal
Term
How many phalanges are in the dewclaw?
Definition
Just two - dewclaws lack P2
Term
A digit consists of what bones?
Definition
Three phalanges: P1 P2 P3
Term
Most carnivores have (#) metacarpal bones. What is the exception?
Definition
5 - some breeds are born without dewclaws
Term
What is a "sesamoid" bone?
Definition
free-standing bone that lies on a tendon and does not articulate with any other bones
Term
How many sesamoids are in the thoracic limb?
Definition
2 in each metacarpophalangeal joint
(so 10 for animals with 5 digits, 2 for horses)
Term
os coxae
Definition
"hip bone," consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis
Term
Hooks =
Definition
iliac crests
Term
Pins =
Definition
ischium
Term
What is the heaviest bone in the body?
Definition
femur
Term
In the equine, what is the technical name of the stifle joint?
Definition
femorotibial
Term
What is the crus?
Definition
tib/fib
Term
What is the gaskin?
Definition
calf muscles
Term
The patella sits in the ____ of the femur.
Definition
trochlea
Term
What is the pes?
Definition
proximal row of tarsus on down
Term
What is the circular mark on the head of the femur?
Definition
round ligament, attaches to pelvis
Term
What happens when the femur is dislocated?
Definition
usu. snaps round ligament, which then ossifies
Term
In the pes, the ___ is always lateral.
Definition
fibula
Term
The cruciates insert on which bone? How are they named?
Definition
tibia- named for where they insert
Term
What is the tibial crest?
Definition
not a real name - part of the tibial tuberosity
Term
Technical name for the hock?
Definition
Calcaneal process - NOT simply "calcaneus" which refers to an entire tarsal bone
Term
The calcaneal process is always ___.
Definition
lateral
Term
The medial malleolus is on the ___ aspect of the ___. Where is the lateral malleolus?
Definition
MM: medial aspect of the tibia

LM: on fibula
Term
The cruciates cross in front of what joint?
Definition
femorotibial joint
Term
Function of the cruciates?
Definition
stabilize cr/cd movement of stifle
Term
The origin of the cruciates is one the ___ surface of the ___.
Definition
inner surface of femoral condyles
Term
cranial cruciate ligament
origin, insertion
Definition
origin: medial surface of lateral condyle of femur
insertion: cranial aspect of tibia
Term
caudal cruciate ligament
origin, insertion
Definition
origin: lateral surface of medial condyle of femur
insertion: caudal aspect of tibia
Term
The collateral ligaments originate on the ___ and insert at the ___.
Definition
originate on femur, insert on tib/fib
Term
lateral collateral ligament
origin, insertion
Definition
origin: lateral condyle of femur
insertion: lateral fibula
Term
medical collateral ligament origin, insertion
Definition
origin: medial condyle of femur insertion: tibia
Term
Which collateral ligament can be called the "fibular" collateral ligament?
Definition
lateral CL
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