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Bones
Bones
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/04/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Skeletal Cartilage
Definition

All our bones start out as cartilage soon to be replaced by bone

 

  • High water content
  • Contains no nerves or blood vessels
  • Surrounded by the peri-chon-drium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion
Term
  • Perichondrium
Definition
  • contains blood vessels = nutrient source = limits cartilage thickness
Term
  • Three types of skeletal cartilage – 
Definition

hyaline, elastic, and fibro-cartilage


  • All have chondrocytes encased in lacunae in an extracellular matrix
Term

Hyaline Cartilage

Definition
  • Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage (oooh, good test question)
  • Is present in these cartilages:
  • Articular – covers the ends of long bones
  • Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum
  • Respiratory – makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages
  • Nasal – supports the nose
Term

Elastic Cartilage

Definition
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers
  • Better able to withstand bending
  • Found in the external ear and the epiglottis
Term

Fibrocartilage

Definition
  • Highly compressed with great tensile strength
  • Contains collagen fibers
  • Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs
Term
How many bones are in the human body?
Definition
206
Term
  • Axial skeleton 
Definition
  • bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage  (Axis, axel, axle)
  • Most involved with protection, support, carrying
Term
  • Appendicular skeleton
Definition
  • bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
    • Locomotion and manipulation
Term
  • Femur, large (form follows function)
Definition
  •  hollow tube = very strong for support
Term
  • Pisiform, wrist bone
Definition
  • small, lots of joints = motion
Term
  • Long bones 
Definition
  • longer than they are wide
    (e.g., humerus)
  •  All limb bones (except the knee cap)
  • And, not the little wrist bones like the pisiform
  • Well, not the little ankle bones like the cuboid, either
  • But, all the other limb bones are long bones.
Term
  • Short bones
Definition
  • Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
  • Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella, knee cap, other sesamoid bones)
Term
  • Flat bones
Definition
  • thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones)
Term
  • Irregular bones
Definition
  • bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)
Term

Function of Bones

Definition
  • Support – 
  • Protection – 
  • Movement – 
  • Mineral storage – 
  • Blood cell formation 
Term
  • Support 
Definition
  • form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
Term
  • Protection 
Definition
  • provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
Term
  • Movement
Definition
  • provide levers for muscles
Term
  • Mineral storage
Definition
  •  reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
Term
  • Blood cell formation
Definition
  • hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
Term

Bone Markings

Definition
  • Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as: 
  • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Term

Bone Markings: Projections –
Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment

Definition
  • Tuberosity – 
  • Crest – 
  • Trochanter
  • Line – 
    • Tubercle – 
    • Epicondyle
    • Spine – 
      • Process – 
Term
  • Tuberosity 
Definition
  • rounded projection
Term
  • Crest
Definition
  • narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Term
  • Trochanter 
Definition
  • large, blunt, irregular surface
Term
  • Line
Definition
  • narrow ridge of bone
Term
  • Tubercle
Definition
  • small rounded projection
Term
  • Epicondyle
Definition
  • raised area above a condyle
Term
  • Spine
Definition
  • sharp, slender projection
Term
  • Process
Definition
  • any bony prominence
Term
Head (bone marking)
Definition
  • bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Term
  • Facet (bone marking)
Definition
  • mooth, nearly flat articular surface
Term
  • Condyle
Definition
  • rounded articular projection
Term
ramus
Definition
armlike bar of bone
Term
  • Meatus 
Definition
  • canal-like passageway
Term
sinus
Definition
cavity within a bone
Term
fossa
Definition
shallow, basinlike depression
Term
groove
Definition
furrow
Term
fissure
Definition
narrow, slitlike opening
Term
foramen
Definition
round or oval opening through a bone
Term
  • Compact bone
Definition
dense outer layer
Term
spongy bone
Definition
  • honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow
Term

Structure of Long Bones

Definition
  •  consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis
Term
  • Diaphysis
Definition
  • Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
  • Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
  • Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity
Term
  • Epiphyses
Definition
  • Expanded ends of long bones
  • Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
  • Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
  • Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses
Term
  • Periosteum (bone membrane)
Definition
  • double-layered protective membrane
  • Outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue
  • Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
  • Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
Term
  • Endosteum 
Definition
  • – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
Term

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

Definition
  • Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone on the inside -                                                     (endosteum-covered spongy bone = diploë)
  • Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
  • Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae
  • -carpal, vertebra, sternum
Term

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) in infants

Definition
  • Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone 
Term

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) in adults

Definition
  • Found in the diploë of flat bones, the head of the femur and humerus, in vertebra
Term

Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone - 

  • Haversian system, or osteon 
Definition
  • the structural unit of compact bone
Term
compact bone- Lamella
Definition
  • weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
Term
compact bone- harvesian/central canal 
Definition
  • central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
Term
Volksman canal (compact bone)
Definition
  • channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
Term
  • Osteocytes
Definition
mature  bone cells
Term
lacunae
Definition
small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes
Term
canaliculi
Definition
  • hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Term

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic

Definition
  • Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
  • Osteocytes – mature bone cells
  • Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
  • Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
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