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Skeletal Systems
review for exam
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/04/2010

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Term
support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
Definition
6 Functions of the Skeletal System
Term
tiglyceride storage
Definition
yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which are use for _________
Term
Blood Cell Production
Definition
within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow is responsible for ________
Term
Calcium & Phosphorous
Definition
Bone tissues store several minerals, especially __________ and ___________ which contribute to the strength of the bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the bone's shaft or body-the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
growing over; are the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Term
Metaphysis, epiphyseal (growth) plate, epiphyseal line
Definition
_______are regions between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, in each growing bone, each metaphysis contains________, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length, when bone growth stops the cartilage is replaced with bone called _________
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
__________is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where bone forms an articulation with another bone.______________ reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints
Term
Periosteum
Definition
surrounds the external bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage: protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as attachment points for ligaments
Term
the medullary cavity
Definition
or marrow cavity, is a hallow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Term
The endosteum
Definition
a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity, contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue
Term
osseous tissue
Definition
like other connective tissue bone or _________ contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells
Term
hydroxyapatite
Definition
combination of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide to form crystals of ___________ (responsible for the bone's hardness)
Term
osteogenic cells
Definition
are unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue which almost all connective tissues are formed. Found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within the bone that contains blood vessels
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone-building cells, they synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and they initiate calcification
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells, do not undergo cell division
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes, breaks down the bone of the extracellular matrix termed resportion: is part of the normal development maintenance and repair of bone.
Term
compact bone tissue
Definition
contains few spaces and is the strong form of bone tissue and is found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones
Term
spongy bone tissue
Definition
bone tissue that does not contain osteons, consist of lamellate arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
Term
Intramembraneous ossification
Definition
is the simpler of the two methods of bone formation
Term
Four steps of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
1. Development of the ossification center
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of the periosteum
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
the replacement of cartilage by bone is called ____________
Term
Open (compound) fracture
Definition
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Term
Closed (simple) fraction
Definition
the broken ends of the bone does not break the skin
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments. This is the most difficult to treat
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
Term
impacted fracture
Definition
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
Term
pott's fracture
Definition
a fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Term
colles' fracture
Definition
a fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Term
Steps in repair of bone fracture
Definition
1. formation of fracture hermatoma
2. fibrocartilaginous
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
Term
Bones, nerve conduction, blood coagulation, and myocardial centrality
Definition
Calcium is needed for __________,_________, _______________, and ____________.
Term
The Axial Skeleton
Definition
The ______________ is made up of the skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, and thorax.
Term
The Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
The _______________________ consists of pectoral (shoulder) girdles, upper limbs, pelvic(hip0 girdle, and lower limb
Term
Long Bones
Definition
______________ have greater length than width, consists of a shaft and a variable number of extremities (ends), and are slightly curved for strength.
Consist of mostly compact bone tissue in the diaphysis but have considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue in their epiphyses
Term
Short bones
Definition
__________are somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width. They consist of spongy bone tissue except at the surface, which has a thin layer of compact bone tissue
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
__________are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue, ________ afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
_______________ have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any other category, they vary in amount of spongy and compact bone present
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
_____________ develop a cetain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as in the palms and soles, may vary from person to person and are not always completely ossified
Term
Sutural bones
Definition
__________ are smal bones located in immovable joint in adults between certain cranial bones. Their number varies greatly form person to person
Term
7, 12, 5, 1, 1
Definition
The cervical vertebrae consist of ___ bones, the thoracic vertebrae consist of ___, the lumbar vertebrae has ___, the sacrum has ___, and the coccyx has 1
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