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Skeletal System
overview of skeletal system
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/08/2014

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Term
2 major constructions of the skeletal system
Definition
cartilage and bone
Term
5. Functions of the skeletal system
Definition
1. support
2. protection
3. system of levers for muscles to move the body
4. storage of lipids and minerals
5. Red marrow is site for hematpoiesis (red blood cell formation)
Term
articulations
Definition
joints
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
bones that lie around the body's center of gravity
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
bones of the limbs, or appendages
Term
3 types of skeletal cartilage
Definition
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage
Term
hyaline cartilage (funtion and location)
Definition
Function: provides sturdy support/shape, with some resilience and give

Location: nose, connects ribs to sternum, covers most joints
Term
elastic cartilage (function and location)
Definition
Function: provides shape and support, offers much more flexibility than hyaline and tolerates repeated bending

Location: external ear and epiglottis
Term
Fibrocartilage (function and location)
Definition
Function: offers tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression

Location: intervertebral discs and knee joint
Term
2 types of osseous tissue (bone tissue)
Definition
1. compact
2. spongy
Term
compact bone
Definition
smooth and homogenous
Term
spongy bone
Definition
composed of small trabeculae (bars) bone, and lots of open space
Term
4 bone classifications
Definition
1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
Term
long bone characteristics
Definition
1. longer than they are wide
2. consist of a shaft with heads at either end
3. composted predominantly of compact bone
4. example: femur
Term
short bone characteristics
Definition
1. cube shaped
2. consist of more spongy bone than compact bone
3. example: tarsals and carpals
Term
flat bone characteristics
Definition
1. thin
2. two waferlike layers of compact bone, sandwhiching spongy bone
3. many are curved (bones of skull)
Term
irregular bone characteristics
Definition
1. do not fall into any of the previous categories
2. example: vertebrae
Term
function of bone markings
Definition
1. reveal where bones form joints with other bones
2. attachment point for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
3. passageway for blood vessels and nerve endings
Term
2 categories of bone markings
Definition
1. projections/processes: sites that grow out of bone and serve as attachment points for muscles to form joints
2. depressions/cavities: serve as conduits for blood vessels and nerves
Term
8 Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Definition
1. tuberosity
2. crest
3. trochanter
4. line
5. tubercle
6. epicondyle
7. spine
8. process
Term
tuberosity
Definition
large, rounded projection, may be roughened
Term
crest
Definition
narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Term
trochanter (femur only)
Definition
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Term
line
Definition
narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
Term
tubercle
Definition
small rounded projection or process
Term
epicondyle
Definition
raised area on or above a condyle
Term
spine
Definition
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Term
process
Definition
any bony prominence
Term
4 projections that help form joints
Definition
1. head
2. facet
3. condyle
4. ramus
Term
head
Definition
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Term
facet
Definition
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Term
condyle
Definition
rounded, articular projection
Term
ramus
Definition
armlike bar of bone
Term
4. depression and openings for blood vessels and nerves
Definition
1. groove
2. fissure
3. foramen
4. notch
Term
groove
Definition
furrow
Term
fissure
Definition
narrow, slit-like opening
Term
foramen
Definition
round or oval opening
Term
notch
Definition
indentation at the edge of a structure
Term
3 other bone markings
Definition
1. meatus
2. sinus
3. fossa
Term
meatus
Definition
canal-like passageway
Term
sinus
Definition
bone cavity filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
Term
fossa
Definition
shallow, basin-like depression in a bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft portion of bone
Term
periosteum and osteogenic layer
Definition
fibrous membrane covering of bone, osteogenic layer is where osteoblasts and osteocyclasts are found
Term
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Definition
fibers from the periosteum that penetrate into bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
end of long bone (thin layer of compact bone, enclosing spongy bone)
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
covers epiphyseal surface in place of periosteum
Term
epiphysial plate
Definition
thin area of hyaline cartilage that allows for longitudinal growth, only found in young animals. Become epiphyseal lines once bone is done growing.
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
central cavity of bone shaft, storage place for yellow marrow
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
adipose tissue inside medullary cavity, in infancy this area also involved in forming red blood cells, red marrow is found
Term
red marrow (location in adults)
Definition
epiphysis, occupying spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
1. lines the internal shaft of bones, lines medullary cavity
2. covers the trabeculae of spongy bones
3. lines canals of compact bone
Term
trabeculae
Definition
composition of spongy bone, forms a spiky, open network
Term
how is bone tissue organized
Definition
around its blood supply
Term
central (haversian) canal
Definition
runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
lacunae
Definition
chambers that hold osteocytes
Term
concentric lamellae
Definition
lacunae that are arranged in concentric circles
Term
osteon (Haversian system)
Definition
a central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it
Term
canaliculi
Definition
1. tiny canals radiating from the central canal to the lamella
2. forms a dense transportation network through the bone matrix, connecting all living bone cells to nutrient supply
Term
perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Definition
canals that run from the periosteum to the compact bone and marrow cavity at right angles to the shaft
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