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Week 1
Lecture 2
176
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/29/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the paired cranial bones?
Definition
parietal and temporal
Term
What are the processes of the temporal bones?
Definition
styloid and mastoid
Term
What is the purpose of the mastoid process?
Definition
serves as an attachment point for cervical muscles
Term
What is the purpose of the styloid process?
Definition
serves as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments
Term
Describe where and what the mastoid process is.
Definition
a conical shaped protrusion on the temporal bone lateral to the styloid process
Term
Describe where and what the styloid process is.
Definition
a needle-like protrusion on the temporal bone just below the ear and medial to the mastoid process
Term
What are the cranial unpaired bones?
Definition
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
Term
What are some notable features on the occipital bone?
Definition
occipital condyles and the foramen magnum
Term
What is the purpose of the occipital condyles?
Definition
articulate with the first cervical bone, the atlas, which connects the skull with the vertebral column
Term
What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
Definition
allows the lower part of the brain stem to exit the skull and enter the vertebral column
Term
Describe where and what the occipital condyles are.
Definition
large bumps located inferiorly to the occipital bone and laterally on either side of the foramen magnum
Term
Describe where and what the foramen magnum is.
Definition
a large hole located inferiorly to the occipital bone
Term
What is the external occipital protuberance?
Definition
a bump located posteriorly on the occipital bone (easily seen on bald people)
Term
Describe the shape of the sphenoid bone.
Definition
irregularly shaped, sometimes described as a butterfly or bat
Term
What is the significance of the sphenoid bone?
Definition
it consists a large part of the cranial base in addition to making many articulations
Term
Why is the sphenoid considered the "keystone" of the skull?
Definition
it makes many articulations with other bones of the cranium, meaning that without it there would be no skull
Term
What is the significance of the hypophyseal fossa?
Definition
is houses the pituitary gland
Term
Where is the hypophyseal fossa located?
Definition
the sphenoid bone
Term
Describe where the ethmoid bone is located and how it looks.
Definition
it is situated between the cranium and the face and has a very irregular shape
Term
What is the significance of the crista galli and cribriform plate?
Definition
they serve as an attachment for connective tisssue that supports the brain and allows for passage of the olfactory nerves
Term
What is the significance of the ethmoid bone?
Definition
it forms part of the nasal cavity and its lateral walls
Term
What is the function of the middle concha?
Definition
it contributes to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Term
Where is the middle concha located?
Definition
on the lateral side of the ethmoid bone
Term
What is the function of the perpendicular plate?
Definition
it contributes to the nasal septum
Term
Where is the perpendicular plate located?
Definition
it is located medially in the ethmoid bone
Term
What are sutures?
Definition
a seamlike immovable junction between two bones of the skull
Term
What are the sutures of the skull called?
Definition
sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, and squamous
Term
Describe the sagittal suture.
Definition
a seam formed between the joining of the left and right sides of the parietal bones
Term
Describe the coronal suture.
Definition
a seam formed between the joining of the two parietal bones and the frontal bone
Term
Describe the lambdoid suture.
Definition
a seam formed between the joining of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
Term
Describe the squamous suture.
Definition
a seam formed between the joining of the temporal, parietal, and sphenoid bones
Term
What are fontanelles?
Definition
dense membraneous connective tissue in place of sutures found in young children
Term
What is the purpose of fontanelles?
Definition
allows the skull to keep expanding in order to allow for growth during early stages of development
Term
What is the difference between a suture and a fontanelle?
Definition
a suture is a seamed joint between two bones of the skull found in adults while a fontanelle is a soft spot of connective tissue where a suture has not yet formed in young children
Term
Where are fontanelles located?
Definition
anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, mastoidal fontanelle, and sphenoidal fontanelle
Term
Locate the parietal bone.[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Locate the temporal bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Locate the frontal bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Locate the occipital bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term

Identify the occipital condyes and the foramen magnum.

 [image]

Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the sphenoid bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the hypophyseal fossa (AKA sella turcica). [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the ethmoid bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the major features of the ethmoid bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the sutures of the skull. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the anterior and posterior fontanelles. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the major features of the mandible. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the function of the mandible?
Definition
it holds the lower teeth and forms the temporomandibular joint
Term
How is the temporomandibular joint formed?
Definition
it is formed by the articulations of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone with the condyle of the mandible
Term
What are the significant features of the mandible?
Definition
the coronoid process
Term
Where and what is the coronoid process?
Definition
a flattened triangular projection located superiorly and laterally on the mandible which serves as an attachment site for a muscle of mastication
Term
What is the significance of the vomer bone?
Definition
it forms part of the nasal septum
Term
What are the unpaired facial bones?
Definition
mandible and vomer
Term
What are the paired facial bones?
Definition
maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal concha
Term
What is the function of the maxilla?
Definition
it forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth
Term
What can happen if the maxilla doesn't fuse together?
Definition
a cleft palate can form
Term
What is the function of the zygomatic bone?
Definition
forms the cheekbone
Term
What is the function of the nasal bone?
Definition
forms the bony bridge of the nose
Term
What is the function of the lacrimal bone?
Definition
allows for passageway of tears into the nose
Term
What is the function of the palatine bone?
Definition
it forms part of the hard palate
Term
What is the function of the inferior nasal concha?
Definition
it helps increase surface area of scent receptors in the nasal cavity
Term
What are the 7 bones that make up the orbital cavity?
Definition
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
Term
How does the frontal bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms the superior wall
Term
How does the sphenoid bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the lateral wall
Term
How does the zygomatic bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the lateral wall
Term
How does the maxilla bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the inferior wall
Term
How does the palatine bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the inferior wall
Term
How does the lacrimal bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the medial wall
Term
How does the ethmoid bone articulate in the orbital cavity?
Definition
it forms part of the medial wall
Term
What structures form the nasal septum?
Definition
the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Term
What are characteristics of the left lateral nasal wall?
Definition
3 nasal concha:
2 from the ethmoid bone
1 is an inferior standalone paired facial bone
Term
What is a paranasal sinus?
Definition
a normal air filled cavity located next to the nasal region
Term
What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
they serve to decrease the density of the skull, they increase the resonance of speaking and singing tones, and the mucosa serves to warm air as we breathe
Term
What happens when there is increased pressure in the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
a headache
Term
What is the hyoid bone?
Definition
a bone located inferiorly to the skull and not connected by any articulations but is rather suspended by muscular attachments
Term
What does the hyoid bone do?
Definition
it moves up and down with swallowing and speaking
Term
What are the major divisions of the vertebral column?
Definition
cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum (5 fused), coccygeal (3-5 fused)
Term
What are the major divisions of the spinal column?
Definition
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccylgeal
Term
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?
Definition
seven
Term
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
Definition
twelve
Term
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
Definition
five
Term
How many vertebrae are in the sacral region?
Definition
five that are fused together
Term
How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal region?
Definition
three to five that are fused together
Term
What is a lordodic curve?
Definition
a concave curve (hump)
Term
What is a kyphotic curve?
Definition
a convex curve (dip)
Term
Which spinal regions have a lordodic curve?
Definition
cervical and lumbar
Term
Which spinal regions have a kyphotic curve?
Definition
thoracic and sacral
Term
What is the purpose of having concave and convex curves?
Definition
it creates a natural "spring" which helps to absorb shock while moving
Term
Do babies have reciprocal concave and convex curves?
Definition
they have only kyphotic (convex) curves until they get older and straighten their back to their natural curvatures
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition
a c or s-shaped spinal curvature
Term
What is kyphosis?
Definition
a "humpback" caused by a hyperkyphotic curve
Term
What is lordosis?
Definition
a "swayback" caused by a hyperlordodic curve
Term
Identify the vomer. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the maxilla bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the zygomatic bones. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the nasal bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the lacrimal bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the palatine bone. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the inferior nasal concha. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the cervical region. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the thoracic reigon. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the lumbar region. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the sacral region. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the regions of the spine with lordodic curves. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the regions of the spine with kyphotic curves. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image]
Definition
scoliosis because of the s-shaped curve
Term
Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image]
Definition
kyphosis because of the exaggerated kyphotic curve causing the humpback
Term
Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image]
Definition
lordosis because of the exxagerated lordodic curve causing the swayback
Term
What is the vertebra generally composed of?
Definition
an anterior body and a posterior arch
Term
What is the posterior arch of the spine composed of?
Definition
two pedicles and two laminae
Term
How do the pedicles contribute to the arch of the spine?
Definition
they form the lateral wall of the arch by projecting posteriorly
Term
How do the laminae contribute to the arch of the spine?
Definition
they complete the arch by connecting medially
Term
What two processes are present on the vertebra?
Definition
transverse processes and spinous processes
Term
Where and what is the transverse process?
Definition
projections located laterally on either side of the spinal arch where the pedicle becomes the lamina
Term
Where and what is the spinous process?
Definition
a projection located posteriorly on the spinal arch where the two laminae fuse
Term
What is the significance of the spinal arch?
Definition
when stacked, the arches of the vertabrae form a vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord is housed and protected
Term
How do the vertebrae articulate with each other?
Definition
the superior articular process of one level articulate with the inferior articular process of the one above it
Term
What is the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
a space formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch of two adjoining vertebrae
Term
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
it allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal column
Term
What is an intervertebral disk?
Definition
a soft tissue, elastic structure located between every vertebra
Term
What is the purpose of the intervertebral disks?
Definition
acts as spacers between the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers
Term
Identify the vertebral body. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the vertebral arch. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the pedicles. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the laminae. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the transverse processes. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the spinous processes. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the superior articular processes. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the intervertebral foramen. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the intervertebral disk. [image]
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the first cervical vertebrae called?
Definition
the atlas
Term
What is the function of the atlas?
Definition
bears the weight of the head
Term
What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
bifid spinous processes and transverse foramen
Term
What are bifid spinous processes and what is their function?
Definition
they are spinous processes that split, almost like a forked tongue, located on the C2-C6 vertebrae, and they act as attachment sites for the muscular attachments that move our head and neck
Term
What is the function of transverse foramen and where are they found?
Definition
located on the cervical vertebrae, they allow passageway and protection of vertebral arteries that feed blood to the brain
Term
Describe what the atlas looks like.
Definition
oval shaped with NO vertebral body and no spinous process, instead has anterior tubercles, and also does not have articular processes
Term
What does the atlas have in place of articular processes?
Definition
articular facets which articulate with the occipital condyles and create the occipitoatlanic joint
Term
Identify what bone this is.
[image]
Definition
atlas
[image]
Term
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Definition
axis
Term
Describe what the axis looks like.
Definition
kind of triangular shaped with a protrusion off the superior posterior end and a kind of blunted spinous process
Term
What is the Dens/odontoid process?
Definition
the protrusion off the superior posterior end of the axis bone
Term
What is the purpose Dens?
Definition
forms an axis of rotation between the atlas and axis
Term
What is the significance of the joint formed between the atlas and axis?
Definition
gives the ability to turn the head
Term
What is the facet ordens?
Definition
a facet on the dens located on the axis bone which articulates with the facet on the atlas bone to create a joint
Term
Identify this bone.
[image]
Definition
axis
[image]
Term
What is the difference in body shape between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
cervical are more square shaped
thoracic are more heart-shaped
lumbar are more kidney-shaped
Term
What is the difference in spinous processed between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
cervical have bifid spinous processes which point straight back
thoracic have spinous processes that point inferiorly
lumbar have spinous processes that are large, thick, and point straight back
Term
What is a characteristic of the cervical vertebrae that sets it apart from the other vertebrae?
Definition
transverse foramen
Term
What is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae that sets it apart from the other vertebrae?
Definition
facets that articulate with ribs
Term
Classify in order of descending size:
thoracic, cervical, lumbar
Definition
1. lumbar
2. thoracic
3. cervical
Term
Describe what the sacrum looks like.
Definition
a wedge shaped bone, almost like an upside down triangle
Term
What is the function of the sacrum?
Definition
articulates with the pelvis to form the lateral wall and articulates with the L5 vertebra as a continuation of the spine
Term
What is the sacral canal?
Definition
a continuation of the vertebral canal
Term
What is the sacral foramina?
Definition
similar to intervertebral foramen; allows spinal nerves to pass through
Term
What is the sacral promontory?
Definition
where the center of gravity is found, anterior superior ridge you see projecting off the first sacral level
Term
What is the ala?
Definition
the "wings" of the sacrum that project laterally to form joints with the pelvic bone
Term
Identify this bone as: cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae and how you know this. [image]
Definition
cervical because of the transverse foramina, the bifid spinous process, and the square shaped body [image]
Term
Identify this bone as:
cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae
and how you know this.
[image]
Definition
thoracic because of the heart shaped body and the inferiorly facing spinous processes
[image]
Term
Identify this bone as:
cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae
and how you know this.
[image]
Definition
lumbar because of the kidney shapey body and the straight spinous process
[image]
Term
Identify the sacral canal, sacral foramina, sacral promontory, and the ala.
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
Definition
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs
Term
How do the ribs contribute to the thoracic cage?
Definition
they connect posteriorly with the vertebrae and anteriorly with the sternum via intercostal cartilage
Term
What are true ribs and which ones are they?
Definition
ribs that attach directly to the sternum and are the first 7 ribs superiorly
Term
What are false ribs and which ones are they?
Definition
ribs that attach with the vertebral column but cartilage interfaces with cartilage of the one above and not the sternum and are ribs 8-10
Term
What are floating ribs and which ones are they?
Definition
ribs that have no anterior anchor at all and are the last two ribs inferiorly
Term
Describe the sternum.
Definition
dagger-shaped with three main divisions
Term
What are the main divisions of the sternum?
Definition
manubrium, body, and xyphoid process
Term
Where and what is the manubrium?
Definition
the superior portion of the sternum, so named because it looks like the "handle of knife"
Term
Where and what is the xyphoid process?
Definition
the inferior portion of the sternum, so named because it looks like the "tip of sword"
Term
What is the significance of the angles of the sternum?
Definition
they serve as important landmarks for clinical or medical use
Term
How does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?
Definition
the head of the rib articulates with the facet on the spinal body and the tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process
Term
What is the function of the rib cage?
Definition
serves to protect vital organs and functions with the diaphragm like a set of bellows getting air in and out of lungs
Term
Identify the true ribs.
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the false ribs.
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the floating ribs.
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Identify the head of rib, neck of rib, tubercle of rib, and shaft.
[image]
Definition
[image]
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