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Skeletal System
Mr. Sullivan : Trimester 1
60
Anatomy
11th Grade
11/13/2013

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Cards

Term
Bone Types (2)
Definition
  • based on how they look
  • spongy bone and compact bone
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
this looks and feels bubbly
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
this is dense and feels smooth to the touch
Term
Classification of Bones (4)
Definition
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
Term
Long Bones
Definition
these tend to have more length and have spongy bone in the ends ex. femur
Term
Short Bones
Definition
these are less long with less prominent ends ex. metacarpals and metatarsals
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
platelike bones ex. ribs, scapula, and skull bones
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
anything else ex. vertebrae
Term
Parts of a Long Bone (7)
Definition
  1. epiphysis
  2. diaphysis
  3. articular cartilage
  4. periosteum
  5. red marrow cavity
  6. yellow marrox cavity
  7. epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Term
"itis"
Definition
If you add this it means that that organ is enflammed ex. pancreatitis
Term
Bone Growth and Development (2)
Definition
  1. Membranous Bone Growth
  2. Cartilagenous Bone Growth
Term
Membranous Bone Growth (4 steps)
Definition
  1. These bones develop from layers of connective tissue
  2. These layers will form in the area of the bone
  3. Then osteoblasts become active and begin laying intercellular material (calcium salts)
  4. Tissues around this form a periosteum and the osteoblasts on the inside form a layer of compact bone over the new spongy bone
Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth 

(Step 1 of 6)

Definition

the original mass of cartilage is more or less shaped like the bone it will become

(the child is still in the mom)

Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth 

(Step 2 of 6)

Definition
Ossification begins in the middle of the diaphysis. The cartilage breaks down and a periosteum forms. Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the cartilage and spongy bone is formed. This is called a primary ossification site. Osseus tissue develops toward the ends of the cartilage.
Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth

(Step 3 of 6)

Definition
Osteoblasts under the periosteum form a thin layer of compact bone.
Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth 

(Step 4 of 6)

Definition

The epiphyses remain cartilage and continue to grow. 

(child is born at this point)

Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth

(Step 5 of 6)

Definition
Secondary  ossification sites appear in the epiphyses and spongy bone forms in all directions. THis leaves a band of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate.
Term

Cartilagenous Bone Growth

(Step 6 of 6)

Definition
The plate shrinks as you grow until it is completely closed.
Term
Bone Abnormalities (6)
Definition
  1. Lack of Vitamin D
  2. Lack of Vitamin A
  3. Lack of Vitamin C
  4. Gigantism
  5. Dwarfism
  6. Osteoporosis
Term
Lack of Vitamin D
Definition
Vitamin D allows calcium salts to leave the blood and go to the bone cells (from dairy products and meat) lack of this causes deformed bones (rickets)
Term
Lack of Vitamin A
Definition
Limits growth and causes weird bones. Found in carrots (carotene) and other colored vegetables (not green).
Term
Lack of Vitamin C
Definition
Causes scurvy. This disease is characterized by long, slender, fragile bones.
Term
Gigantism
Definition
A disease where the body makes too much human growth hormone (HGH or GH) the bones grow faster and longer (not caused by your diet).
Term
Dwarfism
Definition
The body makes too little growth hormone. These people never grow up.
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
Aging causes a loss of bony tissue. Fat and fibrous connective tissue fill in the space.
Term
Fractures (4)
Definition
  1. Traumatic Fractures
  2. Pathological Fractures
  3. Compound Fractures
  4. Simple Fractures
Term
Traumatic Fractures
Definition
these are caused by accidents or objects damaging bone
Term
Pathological Fractures
Definition
These are caused by diseases (osteoporosis).
Term
Compound Fractures
Definition
The bone breaks the skin. This allows for bacterial infection.
Term
Simple Fractures
Definition
The bone doesn't break the skin.
Term
Types of Breaks (8)
Definition
  1. Greenstick Fracture
  2. Fissured Fracture
  3. Comminuted Fracture
  4. Transverse Fracture
  5. Oblique Fracture
  6. Spiral Fracture
  7. Avulsion Fracture
  8. Stress Fracture
Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
Incomplete, longitudinal split on the outside of a curve.
Term
Fissured Fracture
Definition
Any other incomplete longitudinal break.
Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition
Complete break with 3 or more pieces.
Term
Transverse Fracture
Definition
Complete, at a right angel to the bone
Term
Oblique Fracture
Definition
Complete fracture at any other angel than 90 degrees.
Term
Spiral Fracture
Definition
Caused by excessive twisting.
Term
Avulsion Fracture
Definition
The muscle is stronger than the bone and tears a piece of the bone away.
Term
Stress Fracture
Definition
These fractures are on the inside of bones.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 1 of 6)

Definition
Upon breaking, blood vessels and the periosteum are torn, escaping blood spreads and forms a clot. This will form a hematoma or bruise. This will be accompanied by swelling, pain, redness, and warmth.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 2 of 6)

Definition
Eventually new blood vessels and osteoblasts form and invade the hematoma. Granulation develops.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 3 of 6)

Definition
Osteoblasts close to blood supplies develop spongy bone. In further regions fibroblasts form fibrocartilage.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 4 of 6)

Definition
Phagocytic cells migrate to the area and begin to remove the hematoma.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 5 of 6)

Definition
In time fibrocartilage fills in the space and this mass is called a callus. This is later replaced by osseus tissue, the same thing as new bone developing.
Term

Repair of Fractures

(Step 6 of 6)

Definition
Usually more bone is produced than is necessary but this will be eventually reabsorbed.
Term
3 Types of Bone Cells
Definition
  1. Osteocyte
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteoclast
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Phagocytic cells that eat bone fragments
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Bone forming cells
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
a bone cell
Term
Factors Affecting the Rate of Repair (4)
Definition
  1. How far apart the edges of the break are. This is why a break is set.
  2. Arm bones heal faster than leg bones.
  3. Age- condition of your circulatory system
  4. Your nutrition- protein (more important than calcium)
Term
Articulations or Joints (3)
Definition
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
  • immovable joints
  • sutures (coronal suture)
  • syndesmoses (between the radius and ulna or tibia and fibula)
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
  • slightly movable
  • symphysis- disc of fibrous cartilage between two bones ex. pubic symphysis
  • synchrondroses- these are between the ribs and sternum
Term
Diarthroses (6)
Definition

movble joints

  1. Ball and Socket Joints
  2. Hinge Joints
  3. Saddle Joint
  4. Pivot Joint
  5. Condyloid Joint
  6. Gliding Joints
Term
Ball and Socket Joints
Definition
shoulder and hip
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
elbow
Term
Saddle Joint
Definition
these are in the thumb where the metacarpal and carpal meet
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
the atlas pivots on the axis
Term
Condyloid Joint
Definition
between the radius and carpals
Term
Gliding Joints
Definition
between the vertebrae
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