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Skeletal System
Bone Markings, Osseous Tissue, Articulations
276
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/28/2013

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Cards

Term
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Definition
Mandibular Body
Term
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Definition
Frontal Process of the Maxillary Bone
Term
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Definition
Infraorbital Foramen
Term
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Definition
Zygomatic Process of the Maxillary Bone
Term
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Definition
Vertebral Foramen
Term
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Definition
Transverse Process
Term
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Definition
Transverse Foramen
Term

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Definition
Thoracic Vertebrae
Term
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Definition
Superior Articulating Process
Term
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Definition
Superior Articulating Facets
Term
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Definition
Squamous Suture
Term
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Definition
Spinous Process
Term
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Definition
Sphenoid Sinus
Term
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Definition
Sacrum
Term
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Definition
Ramus of the Mandible
Term
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Definition
Posterior Arch of the Atlas Vertebrae
Term
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Definition
Pedicles
Term
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Definition
Mental Foramen
Term
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Definition
Maxillary Sinus
Term
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Definition
Mandibular Notch
Term
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Definition
Mandibular Foramen
Term

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Definition
Lumbar Vertebrae
Term
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Definition
Lamina of the Vertebrae
Term

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Definition
Lambdoid Suture
Term
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Definition
Intervertebral Foramen
Term
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Definition
Intervertebral Discs
Term
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Definition
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Term
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Definition
Inferior Articulating Process
Term
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Definition
Inferior Articulating Facets
Term
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Definition
Frontal Sinus
Term
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Definition
Ethmoid Sinus
Term
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Definition
Coronoid Process of the Mandible
Term
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Definition
Coronal Suture
Term
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Definition
Condylar Process
Term
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Definition
Coccyx
Term

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Definition
Cervical Vertebrae of the Spinal Column
Term
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Definition
Vertebral Body
Term
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Definition
Atlas
Term
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Definition
Anterior Arch of the Atlas
Term
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Definition
Angle of the Mandible
Term
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Definition
Alveolar Process of the Maxilla
Term
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Definition
Alveolar Process of the Mandible
Term
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Definition
Frontal Process of the Temporal Bone
Term
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Definition
Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone
Term
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Definition
Palatal Process
Term
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Definition
Infraorbital Foramen
Term
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Definition
Maxillary Sinus
Term
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Definition
Vomer Bone
Term
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Definition
Palatine Bone
Term
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Definition
Lacrimal Bone
Term
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Definition
Zygomatic Bone
Term
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Definition
Inferior Nasal Concha
Term
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Definition
Nasal Bones
Term
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Definition
Middle Nasal Concha
Term
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Definition
Perpendicular Plate
Term
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Definition
Cribiform Plate
Term
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Definition
Crista Galli
Term
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Definition
Jugular Notch
Term
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Definition
Fossa For Cerebellum
Term
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Definition
Fossa for Cerebrum
Term
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Definition
Superior Nuchal Line
Term
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Definition
Inferior Nuchal Line
Term
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Definition
External Occipital Crest
Term
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Definition
External Occipital Protuberance
Term
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Definition
Hypoglossal Canal
Term
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Definition
Occipital Condyles
Term
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Definition
Foramen Magnum
Term
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Definition
Optic Foramen
Term
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Definition
Sella Turcica
Term
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Definition
Superior Orbital Fissure
Term
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Definition
Foramen Rotundum
Term
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Definition
Greater Wing
Term
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Definition
Lesser Wing
Term
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Definition
Foramen Spinosum
Term
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Definition
Foramen Ovale
Term
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Definition
Pterygoid Process
Term
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Definition
Petrous Part
Term
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Definition
Sylomastoid Foramen
Term
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Definition
Internal Auditory Meatus
Term

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Definition
Mandibular Fossa
Term
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Definition
Jugular Fossa
Term
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Definition
Carotid Canal
Term
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Definition
External Auditory Meatus
Term
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Definition
Mastoid Process
Term
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Definition
Styloid Process
Term
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Definition
Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone
Term
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Definition
Squamous Part of the Temporal Bone
Term
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Definition
Grooves for Meningeal Vessels
Term
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Definition
Parietal Eminence
Term
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Definition
Squama of the Frontal Bone
Term
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Definition
Zygomatic Process of the Frontal Bone
Term
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Definition
Supraorbital Margin
Term
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Definition
Supraorbital Foramen
Term
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Definition
Sphenoidal Fontanel
Term
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Definition
Occipital Fontanel
Term
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Definition
Mastoid Fontanel
Term
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Definition
Frontal Fontanel
Term
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Definition
Lesser Horn of the Hyoid Bone
Term
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Definition
Hyoid Bone
Term
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Definition
Greater Horn of the Hyoid Bone
Term
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Definition
Body of the Hyoid Bone
Term
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Definition
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Term
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Definition
Middle Cranial Fossa
Term
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Definition
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Term
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Definition
Sagittal Suture
Term
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Definition
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Term
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Definition
Axis Vertebrae
Term
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Definition
Sacral Promontory
Term
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Definition
Sacral Foramen
Term
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Definition
Sacral Canal
Term
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Definition
Median Sacral Crest
Term
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Definition
Coccyx
Term
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Definition
Base of Sacrum
Term
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Definition
Apex of Sacrum
Term

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Definition
Acetabulum (Ilium)
Term
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Definition
Acromial Process
Term
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Definition
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Calcaneus
Term
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Definition
Capitate
Term
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Definition
Conoid Tubercle or Coracoid Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Coracoid Process
Term
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Definition
Cuboid
Term
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Definition
Deltoid Tuberosity
Term
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Definition

Right First Distal Phalanx

Right Second Distal Phalanx

Right Third Distal Phalanx

Right Fourth Distal Phalanx

Right Fifth Distal Phalanx

Term
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Definition

Right First Distal Phalanx

Right Second Distal Phalanx

Right Third Distal Phalanx

Right Fourth Distal Phalanx

Right Fifth Distal Phalanx

Term
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Definition
False Ribs
Term
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Definition
Fovea (Capitis)
Term
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Definition
Femoral Head
Term
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Definition
Femoral Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Condyles
Term
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Definition
Femoral Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Epicondyles
Term
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Definition
Femoral Neck
Term
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Definition
Fibula Head
Term
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Definition
Lateral Malleolus
Term
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Definition
Floating Ribs
Term
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Definition
Glenoid Cavity
Term
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Definition
Gluteal Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Greater Sciatic Notch (Ilium)
Term
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Definition
Greater Trochanter
Term
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Definition
Hamate
Term
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Definition
Anatomical Neck
Term
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Definition
Capitulum
Term
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Definition
Coronoid Fossa
Term
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Definition
Greater Tubercle
Term
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Definition
Humerus Head
Term
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Definition
Humerus Intertubercular Groove
Term
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Definition
Humerus Lateral Epicondyle
Term
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Definition
Humerus Lesser Tubercle
Term
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Definition
Humerus Medial Epicondyle
Term
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Definition
Humerus Olecranon Fossa
Term
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Definition
Humerus Radial Fossa
Term
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Definition
Humerus Surgical Neck
Term
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Definition
Iliac Crest
Term
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Definition
Iliac Crest
Term
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Definition
Iliac Fossa
Term
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Definition
Ilium
Term
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Definition
Inferior Pubic Ramus
Term
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Definition
Infraspinous Fossa
Term
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Definition
Intercondylar Fossa
Term
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Definition
Intermediate Cuneiform
Term
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Definition
Intertrochanteric Crest
Term
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Definition
Intertrochanteric Line
Term
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Definition
Ischial Ramus
Term
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Definition
Ischial Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Ischium
Term
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Definition
Lateral Border
Term
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Definition
Lateral Cuneiform
Term
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Definition
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Term
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Definition
Lesser Trochanter
Term
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Definition
Linea Aspera
Term
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Definition
Lunate
Term
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Definition
Manubrium
Term
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Definition
Medial Border
Term
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Definition
Medial Cuneiform
Term
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Definition

Right First Metacarpal

Right Second Metacarpal

Right Third Metacarpal

Right Fourth Metacarpal

Right Fifth Metacarpal

Term
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Definition

Right First Metatarsal

Right Second Metatarsal

Right Third Metatarsal

Right Fourth Metatarsal

Right Fifth Metatarsal

Term
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Definition

Right Second Middle Phalanx

Right Third Middle Phalanx

Right Fourth Middle Phalanx

Right Fifth Middle Phalanx

Term
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Definition

Right Second Middle Phalanx

Right Third Middle Phalanx

Right Fourth Middle Phalanx

Right Fifth Middle Phalanx

Term
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Definition
Navicular
Term
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Definition
Obturator Foramen
Term
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Definition
Articular Surface of the Patella
Term
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Definition
Patellar Surface
Term
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Definition
Pisiform
Term
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Definition
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Term
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Definition

Right First Proximal Phalanx

Right Second Proximal Phalanx

Right Third Proximal Phalanx

Right Fourth Proximal Phalanx

Right Fifth Proximal Phalanx

Term
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Definition

Right First Proximal Phalanx

Right Second Proximal Phalanx

Right Third Proximal Phalanx

Right Fourth Proximal Phalanx

Right Fifth Proximal Phalanx

Term
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Definition
Pubic Angle
Term
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Definition
Pubic Symphysis
Term
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Definition
Pubic Tubercle
Term
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Definition
Pubic Tubercle
Term
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Definition
Pubis
Term
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Definition
Radial Head
Term
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Definition
Radial Styloid Process
Term
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Definition
Radial Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Ulnar Notch
Term
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Definition
Rib Angle
Term
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Definition
Rib Articulating Facets
Term
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Definition
Rib Body
Term
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Definition
Costal Groove
Term
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Definition
Rib Head
Term
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Definition
Rib Neck
Term
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Definition
Rib Tubercle
Term
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Definition
Scaphoid
Term
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Definition
Scapular Body
Term
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Definition
Scapular Inferior Angle
Term
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Definition
Scapular Spine
Term
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Definition
Scapular Superior Angle
Term
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Definition
Spine of the Ischium
Term
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Definition
Sternal Body
Term
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Definition
Sternal End of Clavicle
Term
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Definition
Jugular Notch of Sternum
Term
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Definition
Subscapular Fossa
Term
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Definition
Scapular Superior Border
Term
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Definition
Superior Pubic Ramus
Term
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Definition
Supraspinous Fossa
Term
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Definition
Talus
Term
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Definition
Tibial Anterior Crest
Term
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Definition
Intercondylar Eminence
Term
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Definition
Tibial Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Condyles
Term
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Definition
Tibial Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Medial Malleolus
Term
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Definition
Trapezium
Term
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Definition
Trapezoid
Term
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Definition
Triquetrum
Term
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Definition
Trochlea
Term
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Definition
Trochlear Notch
Term
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Definition
True Ribs
Term
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Definition
Coronoid Process
Term
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Definition
Ulnar Head
Term
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Definition
Olecranon Process
Term
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Definition
Radial Notch
Term
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Definition
Ulnar Styloid Process
Term
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Definition
Ulnar Tuberosity
Term
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Definition
Xiphoid Process
Term
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Definition
Obturator Foramen
Term
Skeletal System Functions
Definition
Support
Storage of Minerals: 98% of body's calcium salts
Blood Cell Formation
Protection
Leverage - Movement
Term
Organization of Bone
Definition
Cells and Solid Matrix(Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate)
2/3 of Bone Weight is Calcium Phosphate crystals which are brittle but resistant to compression
1/3 of bone weight is collagen fibers (strength and flexibility)
Term
Bone Cells
Definition
Osteoprogenitor Cells - stem cells -form new osteoblasts - inner and outer surfaces

Osteoblasts - immature cells - produce osteoid - inner and outer surfaces - making new bone is called osteogenesis

Osteocytes - immature cells - maintain bone - in lacunae

Osteoclasts - giant multinucleated cells - bone resorption by the process of osteolysis
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
Consists of trabeculae (spicules) - to absorb stress

Nutrients diffuse through marrow to cells
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
Osteons - structural units - weight baring pillars

Lacunae - canaliculi - osteocytes

Perforating canals

Concentric Lamellae

Central Canal

Periosteum

Endosteum

Interstitial Lamellae

Inner & Outer Circumferential Lamellae
Term
Classification of Bones
Definition
Long Bones: shaft & two ends - thigh, legs, arms

Short Bones: roughly cube-like - wrist & ankle

Flat Bones: thin, flat - skull, scapula, & sternum

Irregular Bones: "none of the above" - vertebrae, face bones, etc.

Sesamoid Bones: inside of tendons - patella

Pneumatized Bones: hollow or numerous pockets - ethmoid
Term
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Definition
Proximal Epiphysis
Term
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Definition
Metaphysis
Term
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Definition
Diaphysis
Term
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Definition
Distal Epiphysis
Term
Long Bone Structure
Definition
Proximal & Distal Epiphysis - Ends
Diaphysis - bone's shaft
Metaphysis - area between diaphysis & epiphysis
Articular Cartilage - hyaline cartilage - ends
Periosteum - connective tissue - outside
Endosteum - inner membrane
Medullary cavity - inner space - bone marrow
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Outer covering of bone
2 layers: inner cellular layer - osteogenic layer
outer fibrous layer - Sharpey's fibers

Continuous with deep fascia and muscle tendons
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Inner cell layer lining the medullary cavity

usually one cell thick and may be incomplete

contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
Term
Bone Development and Growth
Definition
Embryo: bone starts forming 6 weeks after fertilization - bones are all cartilage or tissue prior to this

Ossification: replacing other tissue with bone

Calcification: deposition of calcium salts within a tissue - not bone formation

Two Types of Ossification
Intramembranous - for flat bones
Endochondral - for long bones
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
Forms flat bones
Fibrous Membranes
Ossification Centers
Double-Layer Periosteum - outside surfaces
Sponge bone sandwiched between compact bone
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Most bones (esp long bones)
Start with hyaline cartilage
Primary Ossification Center - spongy bone inside
Outer Cartilage replaced with compact bone
Secondary Ossification Centers - at epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage remains only at "growth plates" & epiphyseal surfaces
Term
Bone Growth
Definition
Length:
Occurs at epiphyseal plates
Cartilage grows on epiphyseal side (zone of proliferation) while ossification occurs on the diaphyseal side of the plate (zone of hypertrophy)

Appositional Growth (thickness)
Osteoblast: lay new bone on outside of shaft
Osteoclast: absorb bone on inside of shaft
Term
Blood Supply of Bone
Definition
Nutrient Artery & Vein: penetrate the shaft
Metaphyseal Vessels: diaphyseal surface of epiphyseal cartilage; enter at prox and dist end of bone
Epiphyseal Vessels: fill the numerous foramina
Perosteal Vessels: supply blood to superficial osteons of the shaft
Term
Regulating Factors of Bone Growth
Definition
Diet, Vitamins A, C, & D, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Growth & Thyroid Hormone, Sex Hormones
Term
Calcium Ion Balance
Definition
2 Opposing Hormones: Calcitonin & PTH

Calcitonin: inhibits osteoclast activity and increases kidney excretion of calcium ion

PTH: stimulates osteoclast acitivity, increases intestinal absorption of calcium ion, and decreases kidney excretion of calcium ion
Term
Seven Bones that make up the orbital complex
Definition
Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla, Frontal, Palatine, Lacrimal, Zygomatic
Term
Bones that make up the bony nasal septum
Definition
Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid & Vomer
Term
What does the Sella Turcica protect?
Definition
Petuitary Gland
Term
What passes through the vertebral canal(foramen)?
Definition
Spinal Cord
Term
What passes through the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
Spinal nerves
Term
What bone articulates with the occipital condyles?
Definition
Atlas
Term
Normal Curvature of the Spine and how it develops
Definition
C-shape in utero, straightens at birth, then eventually forms into a reverse-S
Term
Features that differentiate male pelvis from female (at least three)
Definition
*enlarged pelvic outlet
*less curvature on sacrum and coccyx
*wider, more circular pelvic outlet
*relatively broad, low pelvis
*ilia that project farther laterally
*broader pubic angle (greater than 100 degrees)
Term
Functional Classifications of Joints
Definition
Synarthroses - immovable joints
Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses - freely moveable joints
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
Fibrous
-Sutures: fibrous connective tissue hold bone together; interlocking bones; only skull bones
-Gomphosis: between teeth and alveolar fossa of the mandible/maxilla; periodontal ligaments

Cartilagenous
-Synchondrosis: cartilage plate between bones; epiphyseal plates (growth plate)

Bony Fusion
-Synostosis: bones fuse together; epiphyseal lines after growth plate closure
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
Fibrous
-Syndesmosis: two bones connected by long connective tissue ligaments; interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula

Cartilagenous
-Symphysis: bones connected by a pad of fibrous cartilage; pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
Synovial Joints
-end of long bones in upper and lower limbs

Six characteristics
-articular cartilage: joint surface
-a joint capsule
-a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
-a synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
-accessory structures; pads of fat, cartilage, ligaments
-sensory nerves and blood vessels
Term
Synovial Joint Structure
Definition
Articular/Joint Capsule: surrounds the joint;
-two layers
*outer dense irregular connective tissue
*inner synovial membrane; alveolar connective tissue; produces synovial fluid

Articular Cartilage
-Hyaline
-Smooth
-Reduces friction
-Well lubricated
-Shock absorption
Term
Synovial Fluid Functions
Definition
Lubrication
-provides lubrication of the articular cartilages at the ends of the bones

Nourishes the Chondrocytes
-compression and expansion movement forces fluid into and out of the cartilage - fluid circulation nourishes the cartilage cells

Acts as a Shock Absorber - cushions shocks in the joint
Term
Synovial Joint Accessory Structures
Definition
Menisci (meniscus-singular) - articular discs of fibrous cartilage for tighter fit between bones

Fat Pads - provides protection and packing material

Intracapsular Ligaments - strengthen and reinforce joint; within the joint and separate from the capsule

Extracapsular Ligaments - embedded within the articular capsule but outside the capsule

Bursae - fluid filled pockets where tendons or ligaments rub against tissue; may or may not be connected to the joint capsule; lined with synovial membrane
Term
Knee Joint Structure
Definition
Intracapsular Ligaments
-Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
-Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Extracapsular Ligaments
-Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament
-Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament

Menisci
-Medial Meniscus
-Lateral Meniscus
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