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Skeletal System
Human Bones and associated features
175
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/02/2011

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Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
Forms superior and anterior parts of the skull, part of the anterior cranial fossa and orbit. (1)
Term
Parietal Bone
Definition
Each forms most of lateral and superior walls of the skull. (2)
Term
Temporal Bone
Definition
Each forms the inferolateral wall of the skull; forms part of middle cranial fossa; has three parts: petrous, squamous, and tympanic. (2)
Term
Occipital Bone
Definition
Forms posteroinferior part of skull, including most of the posterior cranial fossa; forms part of base of skull. (1)
Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
Butterfly shaped bone that forms part of base of skull, posterior part of eye orbit, part of anterior and middle cranial fossae. (1)
Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
Forms part of the anterior cranial fossa; part of nasal septum; roof and lateral walls of nasal cavity; part of medial wall of eye orbit. (1)
Term
Carpal Bones
Definition
Wrist bones: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Term
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Definition
Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
Term
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Definition
Distal Row of Carpal Bones
Term
Condyle
Definition
Large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure
Term
Facet
Definition
Small, flat, shallow articulating surface
Term
Head
Definition
Prominent, rounded epiphysis
Term
Trochlea (general structure)
Definition
Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
Term
Alveolus
Definition
Deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
Term
Fossa
Definition
Flattened or shallow depression
Term
Sulcus
Definition
Narrow groove
Term
Crest
Definition
Narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
Projection adjacent to a condyle
Term
Line
Definition
Low ridge
Term
Process
Definition
Any marked bony prominence
Term
Ramus
Definition
Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
Term
Spine
Definition
Pointed, slender process
Term
Trochanter
Definition
Massive, rough projection found only on the femur
Term
Tubercle
Definition
Small, round projection
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large, rough projection
Term
Canal
Definition
Passageway through a bone
Term
Fissure
Definition
Narrow Slitlike opening through a bone
Term
Foramen
Definition
Rounded passageway through a bone
Term
Sinus
Definition
Cavity or hollow space in a bone
Term
Zygomatic Bone
Definition
Forms the lateral wall of each orbit and the cheeks. Commonly referred to as the "cheekbones." (2)
Term
Lacrimal Bone
Definition
Small bone that forms part of the medial wall of the orbit. (2)
Term
Nasal Bone
Definition
Each forms the anterosuperior bridge of the nose. (2)
Term
Vomer
Definition
Forms inferior and posterior parts of nasal septum. (1)
Term
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Definition
Curved bones that project from lateral walls of the nasal cavity. (2)
Term
Palantine Bone
Definition
Each forms posterior part of hard palate; forms small part of nasal cavity and orbit wall. "L" shaped. (2)
Term
Maxillae
Definition
Each forms anterior portion of face; forms upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, inferior parts of orbits, and part of the walls of nasal cavity. (2)
Term
Mandible
Definition
Forms the lower jaw. (1)
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition
Slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and the larynx. (1)
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
Bones of the neck. The first bone articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone. (7)
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
Form the superior regions of the back. Each articulates with one or two pairs of ribs. (12)
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition
Form the inferior concave region of the back. Last articulates inferiorly with the sacrum. (5)
Term
Sacrum
Definition
Five fused bones located medial to the os coxae which form the posterior portion of the pelvis.
Term
Coccyx
Definition
Four fused bones inferior to the sacrum. Also called the tailbone.
Term
Atlas
Definition
First cervical vertebra [C1] (1)
Term
Axis
Definition
Second Cervical Vertebra [C2] (1)
Term
Sternum
Definition
Flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the thoracic wall. Composed of three parts: manubrium, body and xiphoid process. (1)
Term
Manubrium
Definition
Widest and most superior portion of the sternum
Term
Body (of sternum)
Definition
Longest part of the sternum between the manubrium and the xiphoid process
Term
Xiphoid Process
Definition
Small, inferior point of the Sternum
Term
Ribs
Definition
Elongated, curved, flattened bones that originate on or between the thoracic vertebrae and end in the anterior wall of the thorax. (24)
Term
True Ribs
Definition
First seven pairs of ribs that connect individually to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions called costal cartilages. (14)
Term
False Ribs
Definition
The inferior five pairs of ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum. (10)
Term
Floating Ribs
Definition
Last two pairs of false ribs that have no connection with the sternum. (4)
Term
Clavicle
Definition
"S" shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula. (2)
Term
Scapula
Definition
Broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the "shoulder blade." (2)
Term
Humerus
Definition
Longest upper limb bone which extends from the scapula to the elbow and forms the upper arm. (2)
Term
Radius
Definition
Lateral bone of the forearm. (2)
Term
Ulna
Definition
Longer, medially placed bone of the forearm. (2)
Term
Scaphoid
Definition
Proximal and lateral carpal bone. (2)
Term
Lunate
Definition
Proximal carpal bone that is medial to the scaphoid. (2)
Term
Triquetrum
Definition
Proximal carpal bone that is medial to the scaphoid and lunate, and posterior to the pisiform. (2)
Term
Pisiform
Definition
Proximal carpal bone that sits anterior to the Triquetrum on the medial side. (2)
Term
Trapezium
Definition
Distal and lateral carpal bone. (2)
Term
Trapezoid
Definition
Distal carpal bone that sits medial to the trapezium. (2)
Term
Capitate
Definition
Distal carpal bone that sits medial to the trapezium and trapezoid, and lateral to the hamate. (2)
Term
Hamate
Definition
Distal and medial carpal bone. (2)
Term
Metacarpals
Definition
Bones of the palm of the hand that lie between the distal carpal bones and the proximal phalanx of phalanges. (10)
Term
Phalanges
Definition
Bones of the fingers and toes. Divided into proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, and distal phalanx. (56)
Term
Proximal Phalanx
Definition
The most proximal phalanges of each digit. (20)
Term
Middle Phalanx
Definition
Second row of phalanges of each digit except the Pollex and Hallux. (16)
Term
Distal Phalanx
Definition
The most distal row of phalanges of each digit. (20)
Term
Os Coxae
Definition
Forms the pelvic girdle. Formed from the fused Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis. Also called the "hip bones." (2)
Term
Ilium
Definition
Forms the superior region of the os coxae and the largest portion of the acetabular surface.
Term
Ischium
Definition
Inferior and posterior portion of the os coxae. Forms the posterior 2/5 of the acetabulum.
Term
Pubis
Definition
Inferior and anterior portion of the os coxae.
Term
Femur
Definition
Extends between the pelvis and the knee forming the upper leg. (2)
Term
Patella
Definition
Large Sesamoid bone anterior to the knee joint. Also called the "kneecap." (2)
Term
Tibia
Definition
Medial, and only weight bearing, bone of the lower leg. (2)
Term
Fibula
Definition
Lateral bone of the lower leg. Not weight bearing. (2)
Term
Tarsal Bones
Definition
Ankle bones: Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Medial Cuneiform
Term
Calcaneus, Talus, and Navicular Bones
Definition
Proximal row of Tarsal Bones
Term
Cuboid, Lateral Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform and Medial Cuneiform Bones
Definition
Distal row of tarsal bones.
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
Largest tarsal bone which forms the heel. (2)
Term
Talus
Definition
Superiormost tarsal bone. (2)
Term
Navicular
Definition
Proximal and medial tarsal bone that articulates with the three cuneiform bones. (2)
Term
Cuboid Bone
Definition
Distal and lateral tarsal bone that articulates with the lateral cuneiform and the calcaneus. (2)
Term
Lateral Cuneiform
Definition
Distal tarsal bone that lies medial to the cuboid and lateral to the intermediate cuneiform. (2)
Term
Intermediate Cuneiform
Definition
Distal tarsal bone between the medial and lateral cuneiform bones. (2)
Term
Medial Cuneiform
Definition
Distal and medial tarsal bone. (2)
Term
Metatarsal Bones
Definition
Bones of the sole of the foot that lie between the distal tarsal bones and the proximal phalanx of phalanges. (10)
Term
Metacarpal I
Definition
Most lateral metacarpal bone located at the base of the pollex. (2)
Term
Metacarpal V
Definition
Most medial metacarpal located at the base of the little finger. (2)
Term
Metatarsal I
Definition
Most medial metatarsal located at the base of the hallux. (2)
Term
Metatarsal V
Definition
Most lateral metatarsal located at the base of the little toe. (2)
Term
Squamous part of Frontal Bone
Definition
Part of the Frontal bone that forms the forehead. Attachment site of scalp muscles.
Term
Superciliary arches
Definition
Part of Frontal bone. Form Brow Ridges.
Term
Glabella
Definition
Flat space on Frontal bone between superciliary arches.
Term
Orbital Part of Frontal Bone
Definition
Part of the frontal bone that forms the roof of each orbit.
Term
Supraorbital foramen or notch
Definition
Passageway in the supraorbital margin of the orbit in the frontal bone through which the supraorbital artery and supraorbital nerve (branch of (CN V1) pass
Term
Parietal Eminence
Definition
Part of Parietal bones. Forms rounded prominence on each side of the skull.
Term
Superior and Inferior Temporal Lines
Definition
Part of parietal bones. Attachment sites for temporal is muscle.
Term
Occipital Condyles
Definition
Part of occipital bone. Articulation sites with first cervical vertebra (atlas)
Term
External Occipital Protuberance
Definition
Inferior and posterior portion of Occipital bone. Attachment of muscles that move the head.
Term
Inferior and Superior Nuchal lines
Definition
Inferior features of occipital bone. Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.
Term
External Occipital Crest
Definition
Medial feature of occipital bone that runs between the external occipital protuberance and the foramen magnum. Attachment site for ligaments.
Term
Carotid Canal
Definition
Passageway in the Petrous part of the temporal bone for internal carotid artery. Posterior and lateral to foramen ovale. Posterior to foramen spinosum. Not visible in superior view.
Term
Cribriform Foramina
Definition
Passageway in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone that the olfactory nerves (CN I) pass throuogh.
Term
Foramen Lacerum
Definition
Passageway between the petrous part of the temporal bone, the sphenoid bon, and the occipital bone that is filled with cartilage. Posterior and medial to foramen ovale.
Term
Foramen Magnum
Definition
Passageway in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and accessory nerves (CN XI) pass.
Term
Foramen Ovale
Definition
Passageway in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone through which the mandibular branch of the trigminal nerve (CN V3) passes.
Term
Foramen Rotundum
Definition
Passageway in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone through which the Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) passes. Anterior to foramen ovale.
Term
Foramen Spinosum
Definition
Passageway in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone through which the middle meningeal vessels pass. Posterior and lateral to the foramen ovale.
Term
Hypoglossal Canal
Definition
Passageway in Occipital bone. Anteromedial to occipital condyle of occipital bone. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Passes through. Travels from the internal surface of the foramen magnum to the outside of the skull.
Term
Inferior orbital fissure
Definition
Passageway formed by the junction of the maxilla, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones through which the infraorbital nerve (Branch of CN V2) passes. Located in the posterior and inferior portions of the orbits.
Term
Jugular Foramen
Definition
Passageway between the temporal bone and occipital bone through which the internal jugular vein, the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the vagus nerve (CN X), and accessory nerve (CN XI) pass. Located posterior to carotid canal.
Term
Optic Canal (foramen)
Definition
Passageway in the posteromedial part of orbit in lesser wing of sphenoid bone through which the optic nerve (CN II) passes.
Term
Superior orbital fissure
Definition
Passageway in the posterior part of the orbit between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone through which pass: opthalmic veins, oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V), and abducens nerve (CN VI).
Term
Incisive Foramen
Definition
Passageway posterior to the incisor teeth in the hard palate of the maxilla through which pass branches of the nasopalatine nerve (branch of CN V2). (only one on midline)
Term
Infraorbital foramen
Definition
Passageway in the maxilla located inferior to the orbit. Infraorbital artery and infraorbital nerve (branch of CN V2) pass through.
Term
Lacrimal groove
Definition
Passageway in the lacrimal bone that forms the nasolacrimal canal through which tears drain into the nasal cavity.
Term
Mandibular Foramen
Definition
Passageway on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible through which the inferior alveolar blood vessels and the inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V3 ) pass.
Term
Mental Foramen
Definition
Passageway in mandible inferior to second premolar on the anterolateral surface through which the mental blood vessels and the mental nerve (branch of CN V3) pass.
Term
External Acoustic Meatus/ Auditory Canal
Definition
Feature of the Temporal bone that forms the outer entrance to the ear.
Term
Internal Accoustic Meatus/ Autidory Canal
Definition
Passageway in the temporal bone through which pass CN VII, CN VIII, and blood vessels that supply the inner ear.
Term
Zygomatic Process
Definition
Feature of the Temporal bone that projects anteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch.
Term
Styloid Procdess
Definition
Thin, pointed feature of the Temporal bone that serves as an attachment site for several hyoid and tongue muscles. Located anteromedial to the mastoid process.
Term
Mastoid Process
Definition
Prominent bulge on the inferior surface of the temporal bone. Anchoring site for muscles that move the neck. Located lateral and sleightly posterior to occipital condyles.
Term
Squamous part of temporal bone
Definition
Lateral, flat surface of the temporal bone immediately inferior to the squamous suture.
Term
Mandibular fossa
Definition
Feature of the temporal bone located inferior to the base of the zygomatic process. Site of articulation with the head of the mandible.
Term
Petrous part of the temporal bone
Definition
"Rocky" portion of the temporal bone.
Term
Sternal end of Clavicle
Definition
Pyramid shaped, medial end of clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. Straighter end.
Term
Acromial end of Clavicle
Definition
Broad, flat, lateral end of clavicle. Articulates with acromion of scapula. More curved end.
Term
Conoid Tubercle
Definition
Projection on the inferior surface of the clavicle near the acromial end. Attachment site for coracoclavicular ligament.
Term
Coracoid Process
Definition
Anterior procces of the scapula. "Crow's Beak"
Term
Acromion
Definition
Posterior process of the scapula. Forms the bony tip of the shoulder, where the scapula articulates with the clavicle. Continuous with the spine of the scapula.
Term
Spine of Scapula
Definition
Ridge of bone on posterior side of scapula.
Term
Supraspinous fossa
Definition
Posterior depression on scapula superior to the spine.
Term
Infraspinous fossa
Definition
Posterior depression of the scapula inferior to the spine.
Term
Subscapular Fossa
Definition
Anterior surface of the scapula.
Term
Glenoid Cavity
Definition
Lateral depression on the scapula that articulates with the humerus.
Term
Suprascapular Notch
Definition
Notch in the superior border of the scapula that provides a passage for the suprascapular nerve. Located just medial to where the coracoid process connects with the body of the scapula.
Term
Medial Border
Definition
Edge of the scapula on the medial side (opposite the acromion and coracoid process) that extends from the inferior angle to the superior angle.
Term
Lateral Border
Definition
Edge of the scapula on the lateral side (with the acromion and coracoid process) that extends from the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle.
Term
Superior border
Definition
Superior edge of the scapula that extends from the superior angle to the suprascapular notch.
Term
Supraglenoid Tubercle
Definition
Feature on the scapula near the superior edge of the glenoid cavity
Term
Infraglenoid Tubercle
Definition
Feature on the scapula near the inferior edge of the glenoid cavity
Term
Head of Humerus
Definition
Proximal articular surface of the humerus. Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Term
Greater Tubercle
Definition
Feature of the humerus located near the head. More lateral than lesser.
Term
Lesser Tubercle
Definition
Feature of the humerus located near the head. More medial and anterior than the greater.
Term
Intertubercular Sulcus
Definition
Groove in the humerus near the head. Located between greater and lesser tubercles. Travels proximal to distal on the anterior side.
Term
Shaft
Definition
Another name for the diaphysis of a long bone. Feature of humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula.
Term
Deltoid Tuberosity
Definition
Feature of the humerus located on the lateral side midway along the shaft.
Term
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Definition
Features that form bumps on the medial and lateral sides of the distal end of the humerus.
Term
Trochlea
Definition
Distal articular surface of the humerus. "Pulley-shaped" Articulates with the ulna.
Term
Capitulum
Definition
Distal articular surface of the humerus. Round. Articulates with the head of the radius.
Term
Surgical Neck
Definition
Narrow region of the humerus just distal to the greater and lesser tubercle.
Term
Anatomical Neck
Definition
Region of the humerus distal to the head and proximal to the treater and lesser tubercles.
Term
Radial Fossa
Definition
Depression at the distal end of the humerus. Located on the lateral side of the anterior surface just proximal to the capitulum.
Term
Coronoid Fossa
Definition
Depression at the distal end of the humerus. Located on the medial side of the anterior surface just proximal to the trochlea.
Term
Olecranon fossa
Definition
Depression at the distal end of the humerus. Located on the posterior surface just proximal to the trochlea.
Term
Head of Radius
Definition
Proximal articulating surface of the radius. Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the proximal end of the ulna.
Term
Neck of Radius
Definition
Narrow portion of the radius distal to the head and proximal to the radial tuberosity.
Term
Radial Tuberosity
Definition
Feature of the radius near the proximal end. Located on the anteromedial surface. Attachment site for biceps brachii.
Term
Ulnar Notch
Definition
Articulating surface of the radius. Located on the distal medial surface. Site where the medial surface of the radius articulates with the distal end of the ulna.
Term
Styloid Process of Radius
Definition
Feature of the radius that forms a bump on the lateral side of the distal end of the forearm.
Term
Olecranon
Definition
Posterior projection of the ulna at the proximal end which forms the bump on the posterior side of the elbow.
Term
Trochlear Notch
Definition
Articulating surface at the proximal end of the ulna. C-shaped. Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
Term
Coronoid Process
Definition
Projection at the proximal end of the ulna. Located just inferior to the trochlear notch on the anterior side. Fits into the medial, anterior fossa of the humerus proximal to the trochlea.
Term
Tuberosity of ulna
Definition
Feature of the ulna that forms a bump on the anterior side of the proximal part just distal to the coronoid process.
Term
Styloid process of ulna
Definition
Feature of ulna at the distal end on the medial side. Forms the bump on the medial side of the wrist.
Term
Radial Notch
Definition
Articulating surface at the proximal end of the ulna. Located lateral to the coronoid process and articulates with the head of the radius.
Term
Articulating Surfaces
Definition
Condyle, Facet, Head, Trochlea
Term
Depressions
Definition
Alveolus, Fossa, Sulcus
Term
Projections for tendon and ligament attachment
Definition
Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Process, Ramus, Spine, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity
Term
Openings and Spaces
Definition
Canal, Fissure, Foramen, Sinus
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