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skeletal system
studying for multiple chapters relating ultimately to skeletal system
84
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2010

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Cards

Term
medullary cavity
Definition
fatty yellow bone marrow
Term
scoliosis
Definition
a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in thoracic region
Term
sutural bones
Definition
small bones, located in sutures (immovable joints) between certain cranial joints
Term
periosteum
Definition
outer fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
innerosteogenic layer (allows growth in thickness)
Term
metaphyses
Definition
contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
"porous bones"
-bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
-depletion of calcium from body
-bones fracture spontaneously
Term
rickets
Definition
inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix
-vitamin d deficiency
bone is soft, rubbery
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
(rickets in adults)
doesnt happen in forming new bone, happens in replacement of old bone
Term
spongy bone tissue
Definition
lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
-sometimes filled with red bone marrow-small blood vessels
Term
the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue...
Definition
support and protect the red bone marrow
Term
hemopoiesis
Definition
blood cell production occurs in red bone morrow of spongy bone
Term
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Definition
3. large, mature chondrocytes

arranged in columns
Term
zone of proliferaing cartilage
Definition
2. slightly larger chondrocytes are arranged like stacks of coins

-interstitial growth as they divide and secrete extracellular matrix
Term
zone of resting cartilage
Definition
1. nearest epiphysis
-small scatterd chondrocytes
cells do not function in cell growth
-anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of bone
Term
zone of calcified cartilage
Definition
4. only a few cells thick and consist mostly of chondrocytes that are dead because the extracelluar matrix around then has calcified

-osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage->osteoblasts invade area laying down bone extracellular matrix
Term
bone growth during infancy, childhood, and adolesence
Definition
long bone grows in length

other bones of body grow in thickness
Term
growth in length
Definition
1. interstitial growth of cartilage on epophyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

2. replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of epiphseal plate with bone bt endochonrl ossification
Term
formation of articular cartilage and the epiphseal plate
Definition
6 of endochondral ossification
-hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses becomes the articular cartilage
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
1. development of the cartilage model
2. growth of cartilage model
3. developement of the primary ossification center
4. developemnt of the medullary cavity
5. develope secondary ossification center
6. formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Term
development of secondary ossification center
Definition
5. when branches of the epiphyseal artery enter the epiphysis- secondary ossification centers develope- happens at about time of birth
Term
developement of the medullary (marrow) cavity
Definition
4. osteoclasts break down some of the newly formed spongy bone's trabeculae

leaving a cavity- medullary in the diaphysis
Term
developement of primary ossification center
Definition
3. nutrient artery penetrates perichondrium and calcifying cartilage model through nutrient foramen- stimulates cells in the perichondrium to differentiate into osteoblast instead of chondroblasts
Term
growth of cartilage model
Definition
2 of endochondral ossification

chondroblasts when buried in cartilage extracellular matrix are called chondrocytes
-cartilage model grows by continual cell division of chondrocytes (interstitial growth)
Term
4 zones of epiphyseal plate
Definition
1. zone of resting cartilage
2. zone of proliferating cartilage
3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4. zone calcified cartilage
Term
bones grow in thickness
Definition
appositional growth (growth at outer surface)

-at bone surface cells in periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts
-osteoblasts develope into osteocytes, lamellae are added to surface of bone and new osteons are formed
Term
bone formation occurs in four principle situations
Definition
1. initial formation in embry and fetus
2. growth of bones during infancy
3. remodeling of bone
4. repair of fractures
Term
development of periosteum
Definition
4. of intramembranous ossification

mesenchyme condenses at the perphery of the bone and developes in periosteum
Term
formation of trabeculae
Definition
connective tissue that is associated with blood vessls in the trabeculae differentiate into red bone marrow
Term
calcification
Definition
2. of intramembranous ossification

secretion of extracellular matrix stops
-> now osteocytes lie in lacuna-> calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracelluar matrix hardens or calcifies
Term
developement of ossification center
Definition
1. intramembranous ossification

mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate 1st osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts
Term
intersitial growth
Definition
cartilage model grows by continual cell division of chondrocytes accompanied by further secretion of the cartilage extracellular matrix
(growth from withen)
Term
development of cartilage model
Definition
1 of endochondral ossification
-mesenchymal cells crowd together in shape of future bone and develope into chondroblast-> secrete cartilage extracellular matrix -> producing cartilage model-covering perichondrium surrounds model
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
replacement of cartilage by bone
Term
osteons consist of...
Definition
central haversain canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocyte, and canaliculi
Term
intramembranous ossificaion
Definition
flat bones of skull, and madible are formed this way

"soft spot harden this way
Term
initial bone formation in an embryo and fetus
Definition
intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification
Term
intramembraneous ossification 4 steps
Definition
1. developement of ossification center
2. calcification
3. formation of tuberculae
4. developement of periosteum
Term
bone typically found in ligaments or tendons
Definition
sesamoid
Term
formulation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
Definition
6. of endochronral ossification

hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis becomes articular cartilage
Term
spina bifida
Definition
a congenital defect of the vertebral dolumn in which laminae of L5 adn or S1 fail to develope normally and unite at midline
Term
lordosis
Definition
"hollow back"

increase in lumbar curve of the vertabral column
Term
kyphosis
Definition
increase in thoracic curve of the vertebral region
-degeneration of invertebral disc

round shouldered
Term
sharpeys perforating fibers
Definition
continuation of outer fibrous layer, anchors periosteum, penetrates into bone matrix
Term
cells expected to be active in replacing bone matrix due to injury
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from periosteum penetrates compact bone through...
Definition
transverse perforating (volkmanns) canals
Term
how are the alignment of osteons in compact bone arranged
Definition
along lines of physical stress
Term
which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone
Definition
periosteal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts
Term
bone remodeling
Definition
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
cranial bones
Definition
form cranial cavity, which encloses and protects the brain, frontal bone, parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipiatl bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid
Term
facial bones
Definition
forms face
two nasal bones, two amxillae, two zigomatic, the mandible, two lacrimal, two palatine, two inferior nasal conchae, the vomer
Term
types of cells in bone tissue
Definition
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Term
meatus
Definition
tubelike opening

ex- external auditory meatus
Term
sulcus
Definition
furrow along bone surface that accomadates a blood vessel, nerve, tendon

intertrabular sulcus of humerus
Term
fossa
Definition
shallow depression

coronoid fossa of humerus
Term
foramen
Definition
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

optic foramen of sphenoid bone
Term
trochanter
Definition
very large projection

ex-greater tubercle of the humerus
Term
spinous process
Definition
sharp, slender projection

spinous process of vertebrae
Term
line
Definition
long narrow ridge or border

linea aspera of the femur
Term
epicondyle
Definition
projection above a condyle

ex-medial epicondyle of the femur
Term
crest
Definition
prominant ridge or enlongated projection

iliac creset of hip bone
Term
head
Definition
rounded articular projection supported on the neck (consticted portion) of a bone

ex- head of femur
Term
facet
Definition
smooth, flat artiular surface

ex- superior articular facet of vertebra
Term
functions of bone tissue
Definition
1. supports tissue and provides attachment for skeletal muscles
2. protects internal organs
3. assists in movement along with skeletal muscles
4. stores and releases minerals
5. contains red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells
6. contains yellow bone marrow, which stores tryglycerides
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
upper and lower extremities,
Term
axial
Definition
bones that lie around longitudinal axis
Term
processes
Definition
projections or out growths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
Term
depressions and openings
Definition
allow passage of soft tissues(blood vessles and nerves) or forms joints
Term
tuberosity
Definition
large, rounded, usually roughened projection

ex- ischial tuberosity of the hip bone
Term
scapula
Definition
shoulder blade, large, triangular, flat bone, situated in the superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2nd, and 7th rib
Term
clavicle
Definition
collar bone, lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to first rib

anterior bone and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
Term
the neck of the rib
Definition
a constricted portion of a rib just lateral to the head
-a knoblike structure on the posterior surface, where the neck joins the body is a tubercle
Term
head of rib
Definition
a projection at the posterior end of the rib that contains a piar of articular facets
Term
coccyx
Definition
triangular in shape
-fusion of four coccygeal vertebral
Term
sternum
Definition
breastbone, is a flat, narrow bone located inthe center of the anterior thoracic wall and consists of three parts
Term
manumbruim
Definition
superior part if sternum
Term
temporal process of zygomatic bone
Definition
projects posteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic proces of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
Term
zygomatic (cheek bone)
Definition
form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit

articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal bones
Term
incisive foramen
Definition
prominent foramin in the maxilla.

transmits braches of the greater palatine blood vessels and nasopalatine nerve
Term
palatine process
Definition
a horizontal projection of the maxialla that forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate
Term
maxilla
Definition
unite to form upper jaw bone

form partof the floors of the orbits part of later walls and floor of tha nasal cavity and most of hard palate
Term
parietal bones
Definition
form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Term
temporal bones
Definition
form the inferior later aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
Term
mandibular fossa
Definition
socket located on the inferior posterior suface of zygomatic process of each temporal bone
Term
styloid process
Definition
point of attachments for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck
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