Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Skeletal System and Articulations
Anatomy and Physiology second midterm
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/05/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Skeletal System's 5 Functions
Definition

1. Support

2. Storage of minerals and Lipids

3. Blood Cell Production

4. Protection

5. Leverage

Term
Long Bones
Definition
Long and Slender
Found in the arm, forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. Femur is the largest and heaviest.
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
Thin roughly parallel surfaces.
Found in roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae.
Offer protection and surfaces for muscle attachment.
Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone.
Term
Sutural Bones
(Wormian Bones)
Definition
Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones that are between the flat bones of the skull.
They differ in size and shape.
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
Have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces.
Found in the Spinal vertebrae, pelvis and skull.
Term
Short Bones
Definition
Are small and boxy.
Carpal Bones and Tarsal Bones.
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Generally small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed.
Inside of tendons and located near joints like knees, hands, feet. Patella is one.
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
The shaft of the bone.
The wall of the diaphysis is made of compact bone.
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
The end of the bones
Consists largely of spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
The narrow zone between the Diaphysis and the Epiphysis.
Term
Medullary Cavity
(Marrow Cavity)
Definition
In the inner cavity surrounded by compact (dense) Bone.
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
Consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework with a thin covering, or cortex, of compact bone. The superficial layer coving spongy bone is called cortical bone.
Term
Matrix of Bone
Definition
Very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts
Term
Bone Cells
Definition
Osteocytes, Osteoblats, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts.
Term
Canalicui
Definition
Narrow passageways through the matrix, extending between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branch network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Covers outer surfaces of bones except at joints. Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular.
Term
2/3 weight of the bone
Definition
Calcium phosphate, Ca3PO4
Term
Hydroxyapatite
Definition
Calcium Phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide forming Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. It also combines with calcium carbonate and ions such as Sodium, Magnesium and fluoride.
Term
1/3 weight of the bone
Definition
Collagen fibers and about 2 percent is bone cells.
Term
Lacunae
Definition
The lacunae of bone are typically organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population. Each osteocyte occupies a lacunae. They maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matric and participate in the repair of damaged bone.
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Produce new bone matrix in a process called osteogenesis. They make and release the proteins and other organic components of the matrix.
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Definition
Small mesenchymal cells that are squamous cells that divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Located inn the inner cellular layer of the periosteum, the endosteum, and passageways containing blood vessels.
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Cells that remove and recycle bone matrix. Giant cells with 50 or more nuclei. They release enzymes that break done the bone called osteolysis or resorption.
Term
Osteon
(Haversian system)
Definition
The basic functional unit of a mature compact bone. One whole circle.
Term
Central Canal
Definition
The center hole of the osteon usually has a capillary and a venule, a very small vein. This is to carry blood to and from the bone
Term
Perforating Canals
(Canals of Volkmann)
Definition
These run perpendicular to the surface of the bone blood vessels supply the osteons that are deeper within.
Term
Concentric Lamellae
Definition
They create the targetlike pattern around the central canal. Collagen fibers are within each of the lamella form a spiral that adds strength and resiliency.
Term
Interstitial Lamellae
Definition
Fill the spaces between the osteons in the compact bone.
Term
Circumferential lamallae
Definition
Found in the outer and inner surfaces of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum, respectively.
Term
Trabecule
Definition
Struts and plates in spongy bone. Like branches that create a network. No capillaries or venules.
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
Located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. It protects the bone marrow.
Term
Red bone marrow
Definition
Responsible for blood cell formation
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
Adipose tissue important as an energy reserve.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Except within joint cavities, the superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones wrapped by a periosteum, a membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.
1. Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues 2. provides a route for the circulatory and nervous supply, and 3. actively particpates in bone growth and repair.
Term
Perforating fibers
Definition
Collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments, as well as from the superficial periosteum, are called sharpey fibers.
Term
Endosteum
Definition
An incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity. Lines the trabeculae of spongy bone lines and the inner surfaces of the central canals. Simple flattened layer of osteoprogenitor cells that covers the bone matrix, generally without any intervening connective tissue fibers.
Term
Ossification
Definition
The process of replacing other tissues with bone, the formation of bone.
Term
Calcification
Definition
The deposition of calcium salts - occurs during ossification, but it can also occur in other tissues.
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
Bone Replaces existing cartilage.
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue.
Term
Endochondral Step 1
Definition
1. Cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near shaft begin to increase greatly. They die as the cartilage is calcified.
Term
Endochondral Step 2
Definition
2. Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium surrounding the shaft of the cartilage. The cells differentiate into osteoblasts and begin producing thin layer of bone around the shaft of the cartilage.
Term
Endochondral Step 3
Definition
3. Blood supply to the periosteum increases, and capillaries and fibroblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage, invading the spaces left by the disintegrating chondrocytes. Fibroblasts turn into osteoblasts and make spongy bone. Bone development begins at the primary ossification center and spreads toward the ends.
Term
Endochondral Step 4
Definition
4. As the bone enlarges, osteoclasts appear and begin to erode the trabeculae in the center of the disphysis, creating a medullary cavity. Continues to grow in length and appositionally.
Term
Endochondral Step 5
Definition
5. Capillaries begin to make their way to the head of the bone and begin the secondary ossification centers in either end of the bone.
Term
Endochondral Step 6
Definition
6. The epiphysis eventually becomes filled with spongy bone.
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Cartilage that is left at the joints of bones to prevent bone-to-bone contact that can damage.
Term
Epiphyseal cartilage
(Epiphyseal plate)
Definition
Narrow region that seperates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.
Term
Calcitriol
Definition
Synthesized in the kidneys, is essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption. Calcitrol is synthesized from cholecalciferol (Vitamen D3)
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
This vitamin, which is required for certain key enzymatic reactions in collagen synthesis, also stimulates osteoblast differentiation.
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Stimulates osteoblast activity, is particularly important for normal bone growth in children.
Term
Vitamin K and B12
Definition
Required for the synthesis of proteins in normal bone.
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
From pituitary Gland it stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.
Term
Thyroxine
Definition
From thyroid gland (follicle cells) with growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.
Term
Sex hormones
Definition
From Ovaries (estrogens) and Testes (Androgens) it stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix.
Term
Parathyroid hormone
Definition
From parathyroid glands it stimulates osteoclast (and osteoblast) activity; elevates calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Thyroid gland (C cells) inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss at kidneys; reduces calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.
Term
Synarthrosis
Definition
An immovable joint, can be either fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the nature of the connection, over time, the two bones may fuse.
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
A slightly movable joint is either fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the nature of the connection between the opposing bones.
Term
Diathrosis (Synovial)
Definition
A freely movable joint that is subdivided according to the nature of the movement permitted.
Term
Suture (Synarthrosis)
Definition
A joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue
Term
Gomphosis (Synarthrosis)
Definition
Binds teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodental ligament.
Term
Synchondrosis (Synarthrosis)
Definition
A rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. The cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and the sternum is a synchondrosis.
Term
Synostosis (Synarthrosis)
Definition
A totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundry between them disapears. The frontal, or metopic, suture of the frontal bone and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostosis.
Term
Syndesmosis (Amphiarthroses)
Definition
Bones are connected by a ligament. One example is the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula.
Term
Symphysis (Amphiarthroses)
Definition
The articulating bones are seperated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage. The articulation between the bodies of vertebrae and the connection between the two pubic bones.
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
Resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a high concentration of proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane.
1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient Distribution 3. Shock Absorption
Term
Meniscus
Definition
A pad of fibrous cartilage situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint.
Term
Fat Pads
Definition
Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. They are commonly superficial to the joint capsule.
Term
Accessory Ligaments
Definition
Support, Strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints.
Term
Bursae
Definition
Small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. They reduce friction and act as shock absorbers.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!