Term
| Skeletal System's 5 Functions |
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Definition
1. Support
2. Storage of minerals and Lipids
3. Blood Cell Production
4. Protection
5. Leverage |
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Term
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Definition
Long and Slender
Found in the arm, forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. Femur is the largest and heaviest. |
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Term
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Definition
Thin roughly parallel surfaces.
Found in roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae.
Offer protection and surfaces for muscle attachment.
Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone. |
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Term
Sutural Bones
(Wormian Bones) |
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Definition
Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones that are between the flat bones of the skull.
They differ in size and shape. |
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Definition
Have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces.
Found in the Spinal vertebrae, pelvis and skull. |
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Definition
Are small and boxy.
Carpal Bones and Tarsal Bones. |
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Term
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Definition
Generally small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed.
Inside of tendons and located near joints like knees, hands, feet. Patella is one. |
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Definition
The shaft of the bone.
The wall of the diaphysis is made of compact bone. |
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Definition
The end of the bones
Consists largely of spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone |
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Term
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Definition
| The narrow zone between the Diaphysis and the Epiphysis. |
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Term
Medullary Cavity
(Marrow Cavity) |
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Definition
| In the inner cavity surrounded by compact (dense) Bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework with a thin covering, or cortex, of compact bone. The superficial layer coving spongy bone is called cortical bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteocytes, Osteoblats, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow passageways through the matrix, extending between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branch network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers outer surfaces of bones except at joints. Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium phosphate, Ca3PO4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium Phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide forming Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. It also combines with calcium carbonate and ions such as Sodium, Magnesium and fluoride. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagen fibers and about 2 percent is bone cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lacunae of bone are typically organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population. Each osteocyte occupies a lacunae. They maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matric and participate in the repair of damaged bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce new bone matrix in a process called osteogenesis. They make and release the proteins and other organic components of the matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
Small mesenchymal cells that are squamous cells that divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Located inn the inner cellular layer of the periosteum, the endosteum, and passageways containing blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that remove and recycle bone matrix. Giant cells with 50 or more nuclei. They release enzymes that break done the bone called osteolysis or resorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic functional unit of a mature compact bone. One whole circle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The center hole of the osteon usually has a capillary and a venule, a very small vein. This is to carry blood to and from the bone |
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Term
Perforating Canals
(Canals of Volkmann) |
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Definition
| These run perpendicular to the surface of the bone blood vessels supply the osteons that are deeper within. |
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Term
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Definition
| They create the targetlike pattern around the central canal. Collagen fibers are within each of the lamella form a spiral that adds strength and resiliency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fill the spaces between the osteons in the compact bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the outer and inner surfaces of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum, respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Struts and plates in spongy bone. Like branches that create a network. No capillaries or venules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. It protects the bone marrow. |
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Definition
| Responsible for blood cell formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Adipose tissue important as an energy reserve. |
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Term
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Definition
Except within joint cavities, the superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones wrapped by a periosteum, a membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.
1. Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues 2. provides a route for the circulatory and nervous supply, and 3. actively particpates in bone growth and repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and ligaments, as well as from the superficial periosteum, are called sharpey fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| An incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity. Lines the trabeculae of spongy bone lines and the inner surfaces of the central canals. Simple flattened layer of osteoprogenitor cells that covers the bone matrix, generally without any intervening connective tissue fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of replacing other tissues with bone, the formation of bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deposition of calcium salts - occurs during ossification, but it can also occur in other tissues. |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Bone Replaces existing cartilage. |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near shaft begin to increase greatly. They die as the cartilage is calcified. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2. Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium surrounding the shaft of the cartilage. The cells differentiate into osteoblasts and begin producing thin layer of bone around the shaft of the cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3. Blood supply to the periosteum increases, and capillaries and fibroblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage, invading the spaces left by the disintegrating chondrocytes. Fibroblasts turn into osteoblasts and make spongy bone. Bone development begins at the primary ossification center and spreads toward the ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4. As the bone enlarges, osteoclasts appear and begin to erode the trabeculae in the center of the disphysis, creating a medullary cavity. Continues to grow in length and appositionally. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5. Capillaries begin to make their way to the head of the bone and begin the secondary ossification centers in either end of the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6. The epiphysis eventually becomes filled with spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilage that is left at the joints of bones to prevent bone-to-bone contact that can damage. |
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Term
Epiphyseal cartilage
(Epiphyseal plate) |
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Definition
| Narrow region that seperates the epiphysis from the diaphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized in the kidneys, is essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption. Calcitrol is synthesized from cholecalciferol (Vitamen D3) |
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Term
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Definition
| This vitamin, which is required for certain key enzymatic reactions in collagen synthesis, also stimulates osteoblast differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates osteoblast activity, is particularly important for normal bone growth in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Required for the synthesis of proteins in normal bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| From pituitary Gland it stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| From thyroid gland (follicle cells) with growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| From Ovaries (estrogens) and Testes (Androgens) it stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| From parathyroid glands it stimulates osteoclast (and osteoblast) activity; elevates calcium ion concentrations in body fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid gland (C cells) inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss at kidneys; reduces calcium ion concentrations in body fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| An immovable joint, can be either fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the nature of the connection, over time, the two bones may fuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slightly movable joint is either fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the nature of the connection between the opposing bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A freely movable joint that is subdivided according to the nature of the movement permitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodental ligament. |
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Term
| Synchondrosis (Synarthrosis) |
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Definition
| A rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. The cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and the sternum is a synchondrosis. |
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Term
| Synostosis (Synarthrosis) |
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Definition
| A totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundry between them disapears. The frontal, or metopic, suture of the frontal bone and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostosis. |
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Term
| Syndesmosis (Amphiarthroses) |
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Definition
| Bones are connected by a ligament. One example is the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula. |
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Term
| Symphysis (Amphiarthroses) |
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Definition
| The articulating bones are seperated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage. The articulation between the bodies of vertebrae and the connection between the two pubic bones. |
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Term
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Definition
Resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a high concentration of proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane.
1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient Distribution 3. Shock Absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| A pad of fibrous cartilage situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. They are commonly superficial to the joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Support, Strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. They reduce friction and act as shock absorbers. |
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