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Skeletal System 2
Lab 2
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2010

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Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
Made of clavicle and scapula, hold upper limb.
Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition
Formed by right and left hip bones (also made of ilium, ischium, and pubis), holds the lower limb,
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
The skeletal parts are connected by fibrous tissue=dense regular connective tissue. These joints are either immobile or slightly mobile. (ex:sutures, syndesmosis)
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
The bones are united by cartilage. The most common category is called symphysis, where fibrocartilage joins together the skeletal parts. Vertebral bodies are joined together by fibrocartilage in the intervertebral discs. (ex:pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints.)
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
Are the most common and most moveable of joints. Rather than solid tissue between skeletal parts that restricts motion, synovial joints are characterized by a greater range of movement afforded by a joint cavity (space) inbetween the surfaces of the bones. The articular surfaces are free to move and can glide, spin, or roll on one another.
Term
Articular Capsule
Definition
The bones are joined together by an articular capsule (joint capsule) made of dense connective tissue. (part of synovial joint)
Term
Articular Cavity
Definition
The articular capsule encloses a space between the ends of the bones. (part of synovial joint)
Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition
Lines the insides of the articular capsule- it produces synovial fluid, which occupies the joint cavity and lubricates the joint. (part of synovial joint)
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Lines the surface of bones within the joint. (part of synovial joint)
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Ligaments outside or inside the joint capsule stabilize the joint. (part of synovial joint)
Term
Articular Disc
Definition
A few joints have an articular disc sandwiched between the ends of teh bones within the joint cavity. Articular discs are shelves of fibrocartilage that improve the fit of the bone surfaces and distribute forces more evenly within the joint. (ex: temporomandibular joint.) (this is part of synovial joint)
Term
Flexion
Definition
Decreasing the angle between body parts.
Term
Extension
Definition
Increasing the angle between body parts.
Term
Abduction
Definition
Moving a structure away from the midline of the body or a body part. Note the difference when using the term for limbs, fingers and toes.
Term
Adduction
Definition
Moving a structure toward the midline of the body or a body part.
Term
Circumduction
Definition
Moving a limb so it circumscribes a cone shape in space. It combines flexion, extenion, abduction, and adduction.
Term
Rotation
Definition
Moving a structure around an axis. In the case of the limbs, it's the long axis of the limb and it is described as either lateral (external) rotation or medial (internal) rotation.
Term
Elevation
Definition
Moving a structure superiorly. Do this for your shoulders and your lower jaw.
Term
Depression
Definition
Moving structure inferiorly.
Term
Protraction
Definition
Moving a structure anteriorly. Again, use your shoulders and lower jaw.
Term
Retraction
Definition
Moving a structure posteriorly.
Term
Supination
Definition
In the forearm it is movement of the radius around the ulna such that the palm of the hand faces anterior. Soup in hand!
Term
Pronation
Definition
In the forearm the palm of the hand is moved so it faces posterior.
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
At the ankle joint- tilting the foot so that its upper surface is closer to the shin and the toes point up.
Term
Plantarflexion
Definition
At the ankle joint- tilting the foot so that its upper surface is farther from the shin and the toes point toward the ground.
Term
Inversion
Definition
At the subtalar joint- moving the sole of the foot so it faces medial.
Term
Eversion
Definition
At the subtalar joint- moving the sole of the foot so it faces lateral.
Term
Opposition
Definition
At the first carpometacarpal joint- moving the thumb so that it can touch the tips of other fingers in the same hand.
Term
Plane Joints
Definition
The articular surfaces are flat, so gliding movements can take place in any direction, but no rotation occurs. (ex: intercarpal joints)
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
Movement occurs around only one axis and flexion and extenion are movements. (ex: articulation between the humerus and ulna)
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
Movement occurs around only one axis and the axis is longitudinal along the shaft of a bone. (ex: articulation at humerus and radius)
Term
Condyloid Joints
Definition
Movement is possible around two axes that lie perpendicular to one another. The articular surfaces are oval and complementary- one convex and one concave-like and egg in a spoon. (ex:between distal radius and first row of carpal bones at the wrist.
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition
Both articular surfaces have convex and concave surfaces- like saddles resting atop one another. (ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Term
Ball-and-socket joints
Definition
Movement is possible around many axes. The classic examples here are shoulder and hip joints in which one of the articular surfaces is ball shaped and the other is a cup-shaped socket.
Term
Ankle Sprains
Definition
Are caused by excessive stretching or tearing of ligaments associated with the talocrural joint.
Term
Broken Hip
Definition
The term used for a fracture of the femur at the hip joint.
Term
Dislocation
Definition
A condition in which the articulating surfaces of bones within joints are forced out of their normal position.
Term
Knee Injuries
Definition
Torn Meniscus:
Cruciate and collateral Ligament tears
Unhappy triad
Term
Osgood-schlatter disease
Definition
Most common cause of knee pain in the adolescent.
Term
Prolapsed Disc
Definition
Is a deviation of the nucleus pulposus due to degeneration of the annulus fibrous, often in the lumbar region.
Term
Shoulder Separation
Definition
Is an injury in which the clavicle separates from the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.
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