Term
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Definition
- anerobic , spore forming , toxin producing bacteria
- toxin production following opportunistic rapid multiplication in the host ( except botulism)
- management risk factor
- sudden death
- control by vaccination and management |
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Term
| clostridium perfringens- enterotoxaemias |
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Definition
- lamb dysentery
- pulpy kidney
- struck
- fatal haemolytic syndrome of young lambs
- Balance between multiplication and excretion.
– Saccharolytic and can multiply fast when anerobic conditions are present in abomasum and small intestine.
– Dietary changes.
– Diseases causing gut stasis- contribute to buid up of toxins in intestine.
– Lethal necrotising toxins .
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Term
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Definition
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- peracute and fatal disease of young lambs
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- beta and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens type B
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- affected lambs are usually less than two weeks old, most commonly 1-3 days old.
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- sporadic sudden death of stronger single lambs
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- lambs are seen with acute abdominal pain, but die within four hours
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- faeces may be semi-fluid and blood stained, but in most cases they are normal
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Term
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Definition
Post mortem findings
– dark red and distended intestines.
– ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.
– serous, blood-stained peritoneal fluid. – the liver may be pale and friable.
– the kidneys may be enlarged.
• Gram stained smears from intestinal scrapings.
• Anaerobic bacterial culture from intestinal contents.
• Beta and epsilon toxin ELISA results from intestinal contents or peritoneal fluid.
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Term
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Definition
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- a common, peracute and usually fatal disease of sheep of all ages
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- epsilon toxin of C. perfringens type D
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- commonest in well grown lambs between 4 and 10 weeks-old, or fattening
lambs between 6 months and 1 year old
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- associated with a change in diet
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- animals are occasionally seen alive with hyperaesthesia and ataxia, which
progresses rapidly to recumbency, opistotonus, convulsions and death
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- signs associated with focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, and diarrhoea are
seen in lambs which live longer
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- in extreme cases, losses of between 10 and 15% have been reported
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Term
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Definition
- history of sudden deaths in well grown, unvaccinated lambs fed on rich diet
- PM findings:
– excess pericardial fluid.
– endocardial haemorrhages.
– swollen viscera.
– congested and friable liver.
– pale and swollen autolysed kidneys.
Glucose in urine.
Positive epsilon toxin ELISA result.
Brain histopathology.
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Term
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Definition
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- a rare peracute disease of adult sheep
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- beta toxin of Clostridium perfringens type C
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- CLinical signs: enteritis, peritonitis and sudden death
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Term
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Definition
history of dietary change in unvaccinated sheep
- PM findings- pale pink fluid in pericardium, thoracic and abdominal cavities
- haemorrhagic enteritis of the proximal intestinal tract
- anaerobic culture from intestinal contents
- beta toxin ELISA on intestinal contents or peritoneal fluid |
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Term
| Prevention of enterotoxaemia |
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Definition
Vaccination
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– initial course of two injections 4 – 6 weeks apart
when sheep enter the breeding flock.
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– annual booster about 6 weeks before lambing to ensure passive protection of lambs upto 16 weeks of age.
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– lambs born to vaccinated dams should receive a first dose at about 8 - 12 weeks old, followed by a second booster at least 4 weeks later.
• Good stock husbandry
– hygiene at lambing.
– adequate early colostrum.
– careful introduction to improved nutrition.
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Term
| Management of enterotoxaemia outbreaks |
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Definition
- immediatly instigate a vaccination programme
- restrict feeding
- injcetions of C. perfringens beta and epsilon antitoxins in valuable animals
- no longer available in uk |
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Term
| CLostridium sordelii ( abomasitis) |
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Definition
Sudden death of both clostridial vaccinated
and unvaccinated sheep.Usually affects intensively reared creep-fed lambs aged 3 –10 weeks old.Live lambs appear bloated and depressed.Association with housing and creep feeding.Up to 8% mortality reported.
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Term
| clostridium sordelli diagnosis |
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Definition
History of sudden deaths in creep-fed lambs
Gross pathological findings
– abdominal distension.
– pale to congested mucus membranes.
– enlargement and haemorrhage of the anterior lymph nodes.
– subcutaneous oedema and congestion of blood vessels.
– the abomasum is distended and displaced.
– the abomasal wall is thickened, emphysematous and oedematous.
Gram stained smears from necrotic lesions in the abomasal folds.
Anaerobic culture from necrotic lesions.
Indirect fluorescent antibody tests on air dried
smears.
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Term
| Prevention of sudden death in lambs due to C.sordelli |
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Definition
- avoid rapid changes in dietary fermentable carbohydrate
- vaccination |
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Term
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Definition
- rare disease of hoggs
- severe abomasitis
- clostridium septicum toxins?
- ingestion of frosted food
- affected sheep are seldom seen alive |
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Term
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Definition
History of unvaccinated hoggs grazing frosted food
during late autumn.
• Postmortemfindingsinfreshcarcases
– oedematous abomasum with mucosal and submucosal haemorrhages.
– oedema of adjacent tissues.
– an excess of serous pericardial and peritoneal fluid.
• Gramstainedsmearsfromabomasallesions.
• Fluorescent antibody test on air dried smears.
Control is by vaccination along with other clostridial diseases using the formal toxoid of C. septicum.
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Term
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Definition
Clostridiumchauvoei
– toxins cause cellulitis, necrotising myositis, toxaemia and
gas production.
• Spores survive in soil for years.
• Outbreaks follow
– docking.
– castration.
– shearing under unhygienic conditions. – use of dirty needles.
– wintering on root crops.
– poor lambing hygiene and dystocia.
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Term
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Definition
The clinical signs depend on the site of infection.
Stiffness.
Subcutaneous oedema and gas production.
Vulval and perineal oedema and necrosis.
Swelling of the head and face.
Affected animals are dull and the disease rapidly progresses to recumbency, coma and death.
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Term
| Blackleg post mortem findings |
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Definition
The carcase swells and bloats rapidly after death.
- Affected muscle is oedematous, dark red, crepitous and sometimes rancid smelling.
- Overlying fascia oozes oedema.
- Other signs associated with toxaemia
– pericarditis.
– lung congestion.
– pale swollen liver.
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Term
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Definition
History of sudden deaths and related management.
Gross post mortem signs in fresh carcases.
Gram positive rods in smears of oedema fluid or of the margins of the muscle lesions.
Histopathology of formalin fixed sections from the edge of lesions.
Fluorescent antibody tests for C. chauvoei on smears of unfixed tissue from the periphery of lesions.
Smears of bone marrow from a rib.
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Term
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Definition
Vaccination with formalin killed bacteria and toxoid.
• Hygiene at castration, docking, shearing and lambing.
• Avoid the disposal of lambs tails or animal carcases close to handling pens or lambing areas.
• Long acting penicillin at docking and lambing.
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Term
| Blackleg disease in cattle |
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Definition
- similar to sheep
- occurs sporadically, associated with predisposing factors such as rough handling in dirty yards
- may be pyrexic, depressed, tachypnoeic and anorexic
- disease progresses over a period of 12-24 hours with development of tremors, ataxia, recumbancy, coma and death
- treatment: cleaning and surgical debridement any obvious wounds
- high doses of penicillin
- supportive fluid therapy and high doses of corticosteroids but seldom effective |
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Term
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Definition
Fatal peracute infection of sheep of all ages.
• Alpha and beta toxins of Clostridiumnovyi
type B.
• Triggered by
migrating liver fluke larvae.
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Term
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Definition
History and knowledge of migrating liver fluke larvae.
• Postmortemfindingsinfreshlydeadcarcases – engorged subcutaneous blood vessels.
– dark liver with distinct paler necrotic areas.
– evidence of recent migration of liver fluke larvae.
– blood tinged fluid in the pericardium and peritoneum. – myocardial petechial haemorrhages.
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Gram stained smears of cut liver tissue.
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Fluorescent Antibody Test on fresh air dried smears of
liver tissue.
Control is by vaccination and strategic treatments for the control of liver fluke.
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Term
| Black disease clinical signs |
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Definition
• Subcutaneous oedema.
• Ecchymotic haemorrhages on omentum and serosa.
• Necrotic focus in liver.
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Term
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Definition
- vaccination usually combined with other clostridial toxins
- control of liver fluke will reduce incidence, but not eliminate the disease because the fluke treatments will not remeove all migrating larvae |
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Term
| Bacilliary haemoglobinurea ( red water) |
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Definition
- primarily a disease of cattle
Clostridium novyi TypeD(C.haemolyticum)toxin.
• Role of migrating liver fluke larvae.
• Suddenin onset and clinicalsigns
– fever.
– ruminal stasis.
– abdominal pain.
– anaemia and jaundice. – dark red urine.
– death after 2 – 3 days.
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Term
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Definition
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History.
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Clinical signs.
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Post mortem findings - – jaundice.
– generalised subcutaneous gelatinous oedema.
– myocardial haemorrhages.
– blood tinged pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluid. – pale necrotic foci in the liver.
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Gram stained smears of liver tissue.
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Fluorescent Antibody Test results on fresh air dried
smears.
Control can be achieved by vaccination.
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Term
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Definition
A non-specific disease of sheep of all ages
• massive facial swelling with pitting oedema and gas
production.
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Most commonly seen in ram lambs.
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Caused by C. septicum, C. chauvoei and C. novyi.
Cases which are recognised early sometimes respond well to parenteral antibiotic treatment. Control is partly achieved through vaccination.
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Term
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Definition
A fatal paralysing disease of all species.
Clostridiumtetanineurotoxin.
C.tetaniisubiquitousinsoil.
Disease occurs when spores enter deep wounds with devitalised tissue such as docking wounds.
Sustained spasm and rigidity of voluntary muscles.
Affected animals are unable to swallow or eructate.
Animalsbecomelaterallyrecumbent.
Characteristicsawhorseappearance.
Eventual death from asphyxiation due to paralysis of respiratory muscles.
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Term
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Definition
Diagnosis
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– history.
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– clinical signs.
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– no specific post mortem
findings.
• Treatment
– tetanus antitoxin.
– antibiotics.
– anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Prevention
– vaccination- ensure ewes are vaccinated to ensure passive transfer
– tetanus antitoxin at docking.
– hygiene at docking.
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Term
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Definition
Once rare disease of all species.Ingestionof Clostridium botulinum toxin – types C and D – poultry litter.
- – type B – carcase contamination of silage.
Flaccid paralysis and inco-ordination(cattle)
- – starts with pelvic limbs.
- – progresses to recumbency and death within 24 hours.
No specific post mortem signs.
Diagnosisdependshistoryandclinicalsigns.
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Term
| Admin of clostridial vaccines |
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Definition
The recommended dose of vaccine should be administered subcutaneously over the neck.
Clean needles should be used and regularly changed.
Vaccines should be correctly stored in a dark place at about 5oC, but protected from freezing.
Vaccines should be used before their expiry date.
As a general rule, partially used packs should be discarded at the end of the day.
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