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SGU Anatomy FTV (Dr. Deokar) 2013 1/4
Dr. Deokar's Anatomy Lec. Lab. Up to Quiz #1
232
Anatomy
Professional
09/15/2013

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Term
What is Anatomy?
Definition
The study of the form and structure an organism's body. It is the "Mother of all Medical Science"
Term
What are the 3 divisions of Anatomy?
Definition

Gross (Macro-Anatomy)

Embryology (Micro-Anatomy)

Histology (Micro-Anatomy)

Term
What is Embryology?
Definition
The study of the delvelopment of an organism. The development process of the tissues and organs and the study of abnormal development processes.
Term
What is Histology?
Definition
The study of tissue structure at the microscopic level.
Term
What is Gross Anatomy?
Definition
The study of the parts of the organism that we can see with the naked eye
Term
What are the 4 divisions of Gross Anatomy?
Definition

Systematic (Descriptive)

Topographical (Regional)

Applied (Clinical)

Comparative (Differential)

Term
What is meant by Systematic Anatomy?
Definition
The functional anatomy of related organs and systems.
Term
What is meant by Topographical Anatomy?
Definition
Organs ans systems in relation to parts or regions of the body and to themselves. Also a projection of organs or structures in relation of the surface or outside of the body.
Term
What is meant by Clinical Anatomy?
Definition
Anatomy as it relates to clinical practice - diagnosis, surgery, radiography. ie: You need to know where the nerves are so you don't cut through them during surgery.
Term
What is meant by Comparitive Anatomy?
Definition
Anatomical parts and how they are related and different from the same parts in a different body. ie: the difference in a dogs heart when compared to a horse heart.
Term
Why is Anatomy called the "Mother of all Medicial Science"?
Definition
It is the basis for such sciences as Pathology, Medicine, Animal Production, and Animal Production.
Term
What is the definition of "a plane"?
Definition
a surface, real or imaginary, along which, any 3 points can be connected by a straight line.
Term
What is Protoplasm?
Definition
All the living material inside the cell. Cells containing protoplasm are intermixed with non-protoplasmic intercellerular substances to form Tissues.
Term
What do collections of Tissues make?
Definition
Organs
Term
What do collections of Organs make?
Definition
Organ Systems
Term
What are the 4 categories of tissues?
Definition

Epithelium

Connective Tissue

Muscle

Nervous Tissue

Term
What is Epithelium?
Definition
Cells that are grouped together by connective tissue with minium space between them. They are mostly found on surfaces or organs or vessels that need to be protected and are closley adherant.
Term
What is Endothelium?
Definition
Epithelium tissue that lines the vessel, such as the inner lining of the blood vessels.
Term
What is Mesothelium?
Definition
Epithelium tissue that lines body cavities, such as those lining the intestinal wall.
Term
What is connective tissue (CT)?
Definition
A binding a ubiquitous tissue that is both solid and fuild. It has a wide range of forms and arragments. ie. Bone, blood, tendons - these are all CT.
Term
What are the components of CT?
Definition
Amorphous (jelly like) matrix in which connnective tissue cells are dispersed. This is what determines which kind of CT is present.
Term
What are the characteristics of Areolar CT?
Definition
Loosley arranged and great movibility becuase of little spaces in the tissue. It is made of Collagen + elastic fibers which allows it to stretch.
Term
What is the function of Areolar CT?
Definition
To provide support. It is found in the blood vessles, organs in the abdomen and the thorax. ie: Trechea, heart, kidneys
Term
What are the characteristics of Dense CT?
Definition
Mainly tough, dense, white fibrous tissue. It has a regular and organized arrangment. It is non-elastic and does not stretch. ie: Tendons, ligaments
Term
What is the function of Dense CT?
Definition
It makes up the tendons and ligaments which provide muscle attachment.
Term
What is an Aponeuroses?
Definition
A flat tendon which has fibers arranged in two planes. Cranio-Caudal and Dorso-ventral. They Attach length-wise muscle such as the extensor abdominal oblique muscle.
Term
How are non-aponeurotic CT arranged?
Definition
Unidirecctional or Parallel. They are very dense and have great tensile strength. They hold muslces that run the length of a bone but are not attached to the bone. ie: the Retinacula wraps around the tendons of the leg, holding it to a bone that it does not attach to.
Term
The most dense CT is made of what 3 fibers?
Definition
Collagen - White, Strong, Fibers that to not stretch.
Elastic - Yellow fibers, thinner than collagen which branch and unite.
Reticular - Very thin fibers, produced by fibroblasts, that form a network between cells and act as a microscopic skeleton of organs.
Term
What are the characteristics of Superficial Fascia?
Definition
Fibrous sheets between tissues. Also known as the "subcutis" or "hypodermis". It is areolar, subcutaneous CT just below the skin.
Term
What is the clinical significance of Superficial Fascia?
Definition

- This is common site for injections since its loose nature can accomodate large volums of fluid.

- Infections spread easily in this tissue.

- Adipose tissue (fat) acumulates here. especially in the pig (Panniculus Adiposus)
Term
What are the characteristics of Superficial Fascia?
Definition
This encapsulates the muscles, seperates and give them their shape. these are tough fiberious sheets beneath the superfiscal fascia. May be modified: ie: retinacula is thickened parts of deep fascia that holds tendons in place. They are relatively impermeable, fluid (like pus)can spread along them but not go through them.
Term
What are the characteristics of Cartilage?
Definition
A very specialized CT which is a Gel-like matrix of Hyaluronic acid and Protoglycans which provides structural support. It can have spaces in between its parts and can be encapsulated by a perichondrium (sack dense CT).
Term
What are the 3 types of cartilage we are concerned with?
Definition

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

Term
What are the characteristics of Hyline cartilage?
Definition
Flexable, Bluish-white in color or sometimes translucent. It is predominately a matrix or a grounding structure, ie: septum of the nose, larynx.
Term
What are the characteristics of Elastic cartilage?
Definition
Yellow matrix of many eleastic CT fibers. ie: epiglottis, auricles of the ear (support cartilage giving shape to the ear)
Term
What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage cartilage?
Definition
a matrix almost completely made up of collegen fibers which can withstand strong forces. It is ALWAYS associated with dense CT. ie: intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
Term
What are the characteristics of Bone?
Definition
Bone is highly specialized, and the most rigid form of CT. It consists of a matrix of special collagen fibers.
Term
What are the chemical components of the bone matrix and what the percentages in which they are found?
Definition
Orgainic portion: Collagen/Ossein 35%
Inorganic portion: Calcium Phosphate: 58% & Calcium Carbonate: 7%
Term
What are the functions of Bone?
Definition

Form and Support

Levers to move (amble)

Protection of fragile organs

Mineral homeostasis

Term
What are the 3 tpyes of bones?
Definition

Long bones: limb bones

Short bones: carpal & vertebral bones

- Flat bones: cranial bones

Term
What are the parts of a long bone?
Definition
Long bones have a Diaphysis (middle shaft) between the proximal & distal Metaphysises (conical portion) each connecting to it's own Epiphysis (ends).
Term
What are the characteristics of the Diaphysis of the long bone?
Definition
The Diaphysis, or shaft of the bone is the long cylndrical part of the bone which encasulates the Medullary Cavity where Bone Marrow is housed.
Term
What are the characteristics of the Metaphysis of the long bone?
Definition
The conical part of bone between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis. Internally it is occupied by cancellous (spongy) bone & consists of 3 dimentional, interlacing spicules(plates and tubes of bone) of varying densities. This allows the bone to resist compresion and absorb shock.
Term
What are the characteristics of the Epiphysis of the long bone?
Definition
The ends of the long bones which articular with other bones. It is similar in structure to the Metaphysis but is the densist part of the long bone and is created by the Epiphysial plate (Growth plate). Each Epiphysis has its own Epiphysial plate between it and the Metaphysis.
Term
What is the Epiphysial plate responsible for?
Definition
lengthening of the bone during the growth phase. The plate seals during the transition from puberty to adulthood.
Term
What are the two types of Bone Marrow, and what do they do?
Definition

Red: Active marrow that makes Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Yellow: Inactive marrow which is no longer capable of producing RBCs. Clinically, discovery of this is a Red Flag.

Term
How much of the body's blood supply is reserved for the bones?
Definition
5%-10%: A very large portion of the body's cardiac outoput goes to the bones.
Term
What is the significance of the Nutrient Artery?
Definition
This is largest source of blood for the bones, it enters through the Nutrient Foramen in the middle of the Diaphysis on either the proximal or distal end of the bone.
Term
What other arteries do we going into bones?
Definition
Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal arteries
Term
What are Anatomoses? What is their significance?
Definition
These are a network of capilaries connecting 2 strucutes. ie: there are anatomses connecting the nutrient and metaphyseal arties. This is significant because it provides good Collateral Circulation which is sufficient for bone survival if one of the arteries is damaged.
Term
What are the characterisitics of viens leaving the bones?
Definition
Veins are thin-walled, they accompany arteries, and function to return un-oxygenated blood back to the heart. Corticals capillaries drain into venules with the periosteum of the bones, via centrifugal Cortical Circulation.
Term
What accompanies the larger blood vessels?
Definition
Nerves!
Term
What characteristics constitutes a Short Bone?
Definition
The width & length are similar, they are usually grouped and have compact bone externally & cancellous bone internally. There is no medualar cavity so bone marrow is only with-in the tiny spaces in the cancellous bone sheets. ie: carpal bones, vertebral bones.
Term
What characteristics constitutes a Flat Bone?
Definition
These bones have 2 mjor surfaces, and are made of flat sheets of compact bone with a thin layer of cancellous bone between. ie: skull bones, pelvic girdle, scapula
Term
What are the 3 types of specialized bones we are interested in?
Definition

Sesamoid Bones

Splanchnic Bones

Pneumatic Bones

Term
What are Sesamoid Bones?
Definition
Special bones that forms with-in soft tissues, near bones where sudden change in direction or great friction occurs. Found over prominances of bond, usually at synovial joints or against other major bones. ie: patella, proximal/distal knuckle bones
Term
What are Splanchnic Bones?
Definition
Bone that form in soft tissues away from the skeleton. ie: os penis, ossa cordis (Heart of ruminants)
Term
What are Pneumatic Bones?
Definition
Bones with cavities in the skull which are invaded by nasal mucosa linking them to the paranasal sunuses. Post crainial bones of the skulls of birds are also air filled.
Term
What are the functions of Muscles?
Definition
Muscles are specialized for contraction in order to provide movement, pumping blood, and the generation of heat (involuntary tremors when cold.)
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Definition

Skeletal Muscle (Striated, somatic (voluntary))

Cardiac Muscles (Striated, autonomic (involuntary))

Smooth (Visceral, non-striated, autonomic (involuntary))

Term
What is the main function of Skeletal muscle?
Definition
To provide meovement in conjuction with the skeleton (Pull and move the levers). It is a voluntary muscle and requires stimulation from the nerves to contract. This type of muscle makes up the bulk of the body (about have of an animal carcass is this muscle)
Term
What is the main function of Smooth muscle?
Definition
To move materials around the body. It lines the blood vessels & viscera. ie: respiratory tract, intestinal tract, blood vessels, tubular genetalia, etc. It is non-striated & involuntary. It contacts spontanesously with-out deliberate stimulation. Fibers are long, thin and spindle shaped.
Term
What is the main function of Cardiac muscle?
Definition
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and its only purpose is to pump blood in & out of the heart.
Term
Each Muscle cell is known as a ______?
Definition
Fibre
Term
What are the 5 components of a single muscle fibre?
Definition

Sarcoplasm (Protoplasm)

Sarcolemma (Cell Membrane)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Sarcomere (Functional Unit)

Sarcosome (Mitochondria)

Term
Muscle fibres vary greatly in ______?
Definition
Size: can get up to 10, even 40 centemeters long, and 19 - 100 microns thick
Term
How are muscle fibers arranged?
Definition
A single cell = one Fibre, surrounded by an Endomycium (inner CT covering)
A group of fibres = one Bundle, surrounded by a Perimycium (middle CT covering)
A group of Bundles = one whole muscle surround by an Epimycium (top CT covering)
Term
What is the significance of the Endo, Peri, and Epimycium?
Definition
They fuse at the end of the main belly to form a Tendon which attached the muscle to the bone.
Term
What are the two types of skeletal muscles Fibres?
Definition

Type I: Slow Twitch Fibres

Type II: Fast Twitch Fibers

Term
What are the characteristics of Type I Muscle Fibres?
Definition

Slow Twitch Fibres:

slow, sustainable

aerobic

myoglobin rich

RED

Term
What are the characteristics of Type II Muscle Fibres?
Definition

Fast Twitch Fibres:

3x faster than Type I

fatigue quickly

anaerobic

myoglobin poor

pale/white

Term
What are the general considerations of Muscle Construction/Architecture?
Definition

It's based on the fiber arrangment in the belly of the muscle.

The length of the fibres determines the shortness of the contraction.

In general muscles are spindle-shaped with the Head, Tail, & Body.
Term
What are the different muscle fiber arrangements?
Definition

Strap-Like: fibres are parallel and long.

Pennate: fibres attach to their tendon(s) at an angle with bellies held close to the trunk of the body.

Term
Sometimes two muscles or groups will be seperated by an ______ _______?
Definition
Intermeadiate tendon. ie: digastric muscle, has two bellies seperated by an Intermeadiate tendon
Term
Some muscles arise from more than one head and have a common tendon of ______?
Definition
Insertion (only 1 tail) ie: biceps, triceps, quadriceps.
Term
Some muscles work together as _______?
Definition
Synergists
Term
Some muscles work against eachother as _______?
Definition
Antagonists - provide a counteracting force. ie. biceps & triceps are antagonists.
Term
What is Flexion?
Definition
To reduce the angle between two bones of a joint. ie: to flex the humeral joint (shoulder) you bring the humerus and the scapula together reaching a more acute angle.
Term
What is Extexion?
Definition
To increase the angle of articulation of a joint. ie: to Extend the humeral joint (shoulder) the humerus and the scapula must move apart reaching a more obtuse angle
Term
What is Abduction?
Definition
To move a body part away from the trunk
Term
What is Adduction?
Definition
To move a body part closer to the trunk
Term
What is Elevation?
Definition
To raise a body part relative to another body part.
Term
What is the Prime Mover?
Definition
The main muscle controlling movement of a limb.
Term
What is the relationship between Abductor muscles and Adductor muscles?
Definition
They are antagonists, they work against eachother with opposite force.
Term
What is Protraction?
Definition
To advance a body part cranially
Term
What is Retraction?
Definition
To pull a body part caudally
Term
What is Pronation?
Definition
To move the dorsal surface of a limb to a palmar/plantar position.
Term
What is supination?
Definition
To move the palmar/plantar surface of a limb to a dorsal position.
Term
Pronation and Supination are Dorsal/Ventral with resspect to?
Definition
Themselves!

HA got you with that one didn't I?! its true though....
Term
What is a Synovial Bursa?
Definition
A fluid filled cushion of over one hard surface. Will not be on both sides!
Term
What is a Tendon Sheath?
Definition
This wraps all the way around the tendon, if the greater part of the tendon is at risk. This happens in places where there is alot of action such as the Stifle.
Term
What is Fibrocartilage?
Definition
This type of protective cartilage appears in areas where excessive friction occurs. ie: intersessamoidian ligament of the horse.
Term
What are the characteristics of the blood supply to the muscles?
Definition

High amount of blood supplied through one or multiple arteries

Anatomses recieve some but not sufficent supply

Veins are satellites of arteries

Term
What are the characteristics of the blood supply to the muscles?
Definition
Tendons are relatively avascular which is way they are slow to heal.
Term
What are the characteristics of the nerve supply to the muscles?
Definition

Muscles carry with them the nerves of the "somite(s)" from which they develop.


Nerves accompany the major blood vessels to the muscles, they pass through and branch with-in the connective tissue septae of the muscles.

Term
What is the function of the Exoskeleton?
Definition
To protect internal structures. ie: insects, horns, hoofs
Term
What is the function of an Endoskeleton?
Definition
to provide structure and support via a system of bones and cartilages.
Term
What are the two divisons of the (exo-)skeleton? What are they comprised of?
Definition

Axial Skeleton: comprised of the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton: comprised of the bones of the limbs

Term
What is Osteology?
Definition
The study of the Osssa (bones) that compbine to form the skeleton of diverse animals.
Term

Osteological Terms


Cleft

Definition
A long fissure in the bone that runs the length of the bone
Term

Osteological Terms


Condyle

Definition
A knuckle shaped articular surface, usually present at the distal end of the bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Epicondyle

Definition
A relatively small projection adjacent to the condyle. Usually provides attachment for a muscle
Term

Osteological Terms


Fossa (Pl: Fossae)

Definition
A small depression in the body of the bone
Term

Osteological Terms


Head

Definition
an expanded and nearly rounded part of a bone, usually present at the proximal extremity of a long bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Neck

Definition
the constricted part immediately below the head
Term

Osteological Terms


Cornu (Pl: Cornua)/ Humulus

Definition
curved horn like projection from the bone
Term

Osteological Terms


Crest

Definition
an elongated elevation on the bone. Not on flat bones!
Term

Osteological Terms


Process

Definition
a large projection. These are HUGE like the projections on the the vertebral bones
Term

Osteological Terms


Facet

Definition
a small, shallow articular surface (generally flat or slightly concave in nature)
Term

Osteological Terms


Fovea (Pl: foveae)

Definition
A small pit or cuplike depression in a bone or organ. Does NOT run the length of the bone
Term

Osteological Terms


Incisura/Incisure

Definition
A notch
Term

Osteological Terms


Foramen (Pl: Foramina)

Definition
Any opening or perforation through a bone or in to a bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Spine

Definition
a slender or pointed projection (generally along the length of a flat bone not a prominant as a crest)
Term

Osteological Terms


Line

Definition
a faint elongated elevation on a bone. (a tiny crest)
Term

Osteological Terms


Sulcus (Pl: Sulci) or Groove

Definition
an elongated depression on any bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Trochanter

Definition
A very large prominence on a bone. (always non-articular). Provides stability to tendons and is always on the proximal end of a bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Trochlea (Pl: Trochleae)

Definition
a pulley–like grooved articular surface. Is sometimes larger than the head of the bone. usually on the distal end of a bone.
Term

Osteological Terms


Tubercle

Definition
a small projection (Exception – a large tuberosity on the Humerus is called tubercle)
Term

Osteological Terms


Tuberosity

Definition
a large and round projection
Term

What is the name of this view?

[image]

Definition
Left Lateral View
Term

What is the name of this view?

[image]

Definition
Right Lateral View
Term

What is the name of this view?

[image]

Definition
Cranial View
Term

What is the name of this view?

[image]

Definition
Caudal View
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Definition
Scapula and clavicle (rudementary) - absent in some animals (feline)
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What makes up the Brachium?

Definition
Humerus bone
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What makes up the Anti-Brachium?

Definition
the forearm (Radius and Unla bones)
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What makes up the Manus?

Definition
The Carpal Bones, Metacarpal Bones, and the Phalange Bones
Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Supraspinatus Muscle?

Definition

ORGIN: Supraspinious fossa of the Scapula Bone

INSERTERTION: Greater Tubercle of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Extend the Humeral Joint

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Infraspinatus Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Infraspinious fossa of the Scapula Bone

INSERTERTION: Greater tubercle of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Flex the Humeral Joint & Abduct the limb

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Subscapoularis Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Subscapular Fossa of the Scapula Bone (Subscapular face)

INSERTERTION: Lesser tubercle of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Adduct the limb at the Humeral Joint and bring the cubodial joint, towards the trunk.

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Serratus Ventralis Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: C4-C10th Ribs

INSERTERTION: Medial (Serrated)Face of the Scapula Bone

ACTION: Support or elevate the Trunk

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Rhomboideus Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Nuchal Ligament, 4-6th Vertebra

INSERTERTION: Dorsal Border of the Scapula Bone

ACTION: Elevate the Limb, Pull the dorsal scapula bone close to the trunk.

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Trapezious Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Mid-Dorsal Raphe & Supraspinatus Ligament

INSERTERTION: Spine of the Scapula Bone

ACTION: Elevate the Limb

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Latissimus Dorsi & Fascia on the caudal border of the Scapula Bone

INSERTERTION: The Olecranon

ACTION: Extend the Cubital Joint

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Deltoideus Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Scapular Spin & Acromion

INSERTERTION: Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Flex the Humeral Joint

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Deep Pectoralis Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Ventral Sternum

INSERTERTION: Lesser and Greater Tubercle of the Humerus

ACTION: Sling Trunk between forlimbs. Draw trunk forward when limb is fixed

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Superficial Pectoralis Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Cranial Sternum

INSERTERTION: Distal to the Deltoid tuberosity of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Adduct the limb

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Biceps Brachii Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Superglenoid Tubercle

INSERTERTION: Medial Tubercle of the Proximal Radius

ACTION: Flex the Cubodial Joint & Extend the Humeral Joint

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Brachialis Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Brachial Groove of the Humerus Bone

INSERTERTION: Proximal Radius &/or Ulna

ACTION: Flex the Cubital Joint

NOTE: Protects the Radial Nerve

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Latissimus Dorsii Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia

INSERTERTION: Teres Tuberosity of the Humerus Bone

ACTION: Antagonistic to the Brachiocephalicus M. Flexes the Humeral Joint & drawing the limb caudally when not bearing weight & extends the Humeral Joint when bearing weight

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Brachiocephalicus Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Vestigal Fibrous intersection

INSERTERTION: Several places on the skull and cervical vertebrae

ACTION: Advances the limb and extends the Humeral Joint. Draws neck & head ventrally when limb is fixed. If both sides contract it arches the nexk

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Triceps Brachii Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Long head --> Caudal Border of the Scapula Bone

INSERTERTION: Tuberolecrani of the olecranon

ACTION: All heads extend the Cubital Joint, The long head flexes the Humeral Joint

Term

Muscles


What is the origin, insertion and action of the Omotransversarius Muscle?

Definition

ORIGIN: Transverse process of the Atlas Bone

INSERTERTION: Ancromion Process of the Scapula Bone

ACTION: Pull limb cranially or pull neck & head to the side

Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Protracts (extend) the Cubital Joint (elbow)?

Definition
Triceps Brachii Muscle & the Tensor Fasciae Antibrachium Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Retracts (flex) the Cubital Joint (elbow)?

Definition
Biceps Brachii Muscle & Brachialis Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Adducts the forelimbs?

Definition
Supscapularis Muscle, Superficial Pectoralis Muscle & Deep Pectoralis Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Protracts (extend) the Humeral Joint (shoulder)?

Definition
Deltoideus Muscles, Infraspinatus Muscle, Teres Major Muscle, Latissimus Dorsi Muscle, & the Triceps Brachii Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Retracts (extend) the Humeral Joint (shoulder)?

Definition
Supraspinatus Muscle, Biceps Brachii Muscle, Latissimus Dorsi Muscle.
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) Abducts the forelimbs?

Definition
Infraspinatus Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) make up the Lateral Collateral Ligment?

Definition
Suprascapularis Muscle & Infrascapularis Muscle
Term

Muscles


What muscle(s) make up the Medial Collateral Ligment?

Definition
Subscapularis Muscle & Coracobrachialis Muscle
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What are the names of the bones in the first row of the carpus?

Definition
Intermedioradial Carpal Bone, Ulnar Carpal Bone, Accessory Carpal Bone
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What is Pronation?

Definition
The inward rotation of the forearm
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What is Supination?

Definition
The outward rotation of the forearm
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


How many carpal bones does the dog have?

Definition
7
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


What is the major function of the carpal bones?

Definition
Shock absorbtion from concussions
Term

Appendicular Skeleton


How many metacarpal bones are in the canine forearm?

Definition
5
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the smallest funtional unit in a mutlicellular organism?

Definition
Cell
Term

Cytology/Histology


Definition
Term

Cytology/Histology


The Cell is surrounded by a ______?

Definition
Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the Approximate thickness of the Plasmalemma?

Definition
8-10 Microns
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is meant by "integral transmembrane protien"?

Definition
A protien that goes all the way through the Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane)
Term

Cytology/Histology


>What is meant by "Peripheral membrane protien"?

Definition
A protien that sticks out of the Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane), but does not go all the way through to the inside of the cell
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is present in the external leaflet of a cell's plasmalemma (Cell Membrane) that protects it from mechanial and chemical damage?

Definition
The Glycocalyx Coat (Made of glycolipid & Glycoprotein)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the functions of a cell membrane?

Definition

Protection - the plasmalemma protects the cell is many ways

Control of materials in and out of the cell - the plasmalemma is selectively permeable

Sensing - Special receptors on the Plaasmalemma can recognize an antigen & stimulate immunological mechanisms such as Phagocytosis. Also have receptors from hormones & other materials

Term

Cytology/Histology


Most Nuclei are what shape?

Definition
Most are spherical or ovoid, but they can be spindle shaped (smooth muscle), bean or kidney shaped (monocytes) or multilobulated (neutrophil leucosytes)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What cell in the mammaial body has lacks nuclei?

Definition
Erythrocytes (blood cells)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What constitutes the nuclear envelope?

Definition

Two concentric membranes seperated by a 25mm thick perinuclear space.

Term

Cytology/Histology


The outter layer of the nuclear envelope is studded with what organelle, and is continuous with teh rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Definition
Ribosomes - translates RNA and synthesizes proteins
Term

Cytology/Histology


The inner layer of the nuclear enveople is bound to membrane proteins are which specific site of _________ are attached?

Definition
Heterochromatin
Term

Cytology/Histology


The nuclear envelope has numerous pores which do what?

Definition
Provide selective & active transport between the nucleus & cytoplasm?
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 2 types of Chromatin?

Definition

Heterochromatin - in basophilic clumps, predominatnt in relatively inactive cells, stains darkly

Euchromatin - Predominat and abundant in active cells, stains lightly & is uniformly dispersed

Term

Cytology/Histology


What kind of a structure is the Nucleolus?

Definition
A spherical and basophilic structure preominent in cells that are activley synthesizing proteins
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the Nucleolus made of & what is it's function?

Definition
Loops of DNA which contain a group of rRNA genes. It is involved int eh synthesis of rRNA & its packaging into precursors of ribosomes
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are ribosomes & what is their function?

Definition
They are small, electron dense, cytoplasmic particles, aproximately 15-25nm in diameter. Their function is protein synthesis
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a polyribosome?

Definition
Small groups of ribosomes
Term

Cytology/Histology


Where are ribosomes located?

Definition
They can be signley, freely in the cytoplasm, or with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Definition
it consists of a network of tubules, bound by membranes which are either studded with ribosomes (rough ER), or without ribosomes (Smooth ER)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the difference between the Rought ER and the Smooth ER

Definition
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the function of the smooth ER?

Definition

to house an abundance in cells involved in lipid metabolism (sythesis of steroid hormones) and enzymes for synthesis of these lipids are located in the membrane of the smooth ER

It is also responsible for drug detoxification, release & recaptures of Ca ion during contraction and relaxation of muscles

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the function(s) of the Golgi Complex?

Definition

Provides a site for the accumulation, concentration, and packaging of secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles

Biosynthesis or Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, Phosphlipids & Neutral lipids

Term

Cytology/Histology


At the structural level, the _________ _________ consistes of parallel membranes bound by flattened cisternae & associarted tubules with vesicles on either side

Definition
Golgi Complex
Term

Cytology/Histology


How can you stain the Golgi Complex if you wanted to look at it?

Definition
Silver Salt or Osmium. It will appear as a black network of cisternae
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Lysosome?

Definition
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain various hydrolytis enzymes such as nucleases, proteases, lipids, etc
Term

Cytology/Histology


Where do the enzymes housed in the Lysosome come from?

Definition
They are synthesised in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and transferred to the Golgi Complex, where they are modified and packeds as Primary Lysosomes.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Primary Lysosome?

Definition
The primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytosed material or obsolete cellular organelles (Autophagy). The composite structure and become Secondary Lysosomes.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Lupofuscin?

Definition
Age Pigment. It is residual body of a Secondary Lysosome which has completed digestion.
Term

Cytology/Histology


How do you stain Mitochondrion?

Definition
With Janus Green B, in living cells.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the function of a Mitochondria?

Definition
An organelle that is responsible for producing energy and is abunant with high metaboloic activity.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Mitochondia?

Definition
It is an organelle comprised of an outer membrane and a special folded inner membrane.
Inner membrane = Folded (folds called cristae) containing enzymes that function in oxidative phosphorylation.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is are Cytoplasmic Inclusions?

Definition
These are bodies of extra materials that cell needs for a specific purposes. Those that may dissovle are bound in a protective membrane (ie. glycogen granules). Those that are non-dissolvable are packed into an unbound ciruclar body (ie. magnetosomes)
Term

Cytology/Histology


Name 5 common inclusion bodies relavent to histology?

Definition

Glycogen

Lipid

Melanin

Hemosiderin

Lipofuscin

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Glycogen Inclusion body?

Definition
A type of inclusion body found in liver and muscle cells that stores granules of Gylcogen to be used for energy at a later time.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Lipid Inclusion body?

Definition

A type of inclusion body found in Adipose cells that stores lipids


What? No way? Really?...yes really! :P

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Melanin Inclusion body?

Definition
A type of inclusion body found in the skin and pigment epithelium of the Retina. Its stores granules of Melanin (pigment)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Hemosiderin Inclusion body?

Definition
A type of inclusion body containing Hemosidern which results from hemoglobin degradation
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Lipofuscin Inclusion body?

Definition
A type of inclusion body containing indigestable residue of a secondary lysosome after phagocytosis, commonly found in the cardiac muscle, liver and nerve cells. This pigment increases with age.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 4 types of basic tissue types?

Definition

Epithelium

Connective Tissue

Muscular Tissue

Neverous Tissue

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Epithelium?

Definition
Sheets of aggregated cells of similar type that cover or line the external & internal surfaces of the body. It sits on a basal membrane, which can be seen with PAS technique or silver salt staining.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 4 functions of Epithelium?

Definition

Protection

Absorbtion

Secretion

Diffusion

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the classification of Epithelium based on?

Definition

Number of layers present

plus

Shape of the cells

Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the possible classifications of Epithelium?

Definition

1. Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells reesting on the basement membrane

2. Stratified Epithelium: two or more layers of cells with only the basal cell layer resting on the basement membrane

Plus a further division of the simple and stratified cells based on shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?

Definition
A single layer of thin, flat & scale-like cells. A spherical or oval nucleus gives a slightly elevated (bulging) appearence. ie: lining of blood vessels, pleural & peritonieal cavities, pulmonary alveoli * glomerular capsule.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Definition
A single layer of cudoial cells with centrally placed nucleus ie: thyroid gland, collecting ducts of the kidney cells.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Definition
Tall, Narrow cells with an oval nucleus located near the base of the cell. ie: stomach, intestine & gall bladder
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Simple Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

Definition
A single layer of cells, various in cell shape with nulceus located at various levels. Gives an impression of stratified epithelium.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

Definition
Several layers of cells with the most superficial cells having a squamous shape. ie; skin (keratinized form: no nucleus) & cornea (non-keritanized form: has nuclei)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What does Keritanized mean?

Definition
A layer of dead cells that has no nuclei on the top layer. Its a protective layer of dead cells.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

Definition
Usually 2-3 layers of cube shaped cells. ie: lining of excetory ducts of glands
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

Definition
Usually 2-3 layers of long, thin, tall shaped cells. ie: paratoid & mandibular gland ducts
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Transitional Epithelium?

Definition
Lines certain hollow organs & capable of considerable distention. In the relaxed state, superficial cells are dome-shaped & bulge into the lumen. they look like bunched elastic. When stretched, it is reduced to looking like layers of flattened cells.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Gland?

Definition
A glandualr or secretory epithilium & duct system (Parenchyma) with a supportive framework of connective tissue (Stroma)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Parenchyma?

Definition
The functional part of a gland, usually productionary system and the duct system
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is Stroma?

Definition
The structural part of gland, the connective tissue that give it shape
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is are the type types of glands?

Definition

Unicellular

Multicellular

and

Exocrine (Ductless)

Endocrine (Has Ducts)

Term

Cytology/Histology


What as the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Definition

Endocrine gland secretions are released into the intercellular fliud & transported to the site of action by the blood

Endocrine glands secrettions go through ducts to there destinations and can be either a compound or simple gland

Term

Cytology/Histology


How can we further classify glands, beyone exocrine and endocrine, uni- or multi cellular?

Definition

By the nature of their secretory products & cells.

Serous

Mucous

Seromucous

Term

Cytology/Histology


What characterizes Serous cells/glands?

Definition
They produce a thin, watery secretion. The cells have spherical nuclei in the central or lower half & apical cytoplasm is filled with small secretory granules called "Zymogen Granules"
Term

Cytology/Histology


What characterizes Mucous cells/glands?

Definition
They produce a thick, viscous (mucin) secretion that forms a protective covering. Cells stain lightly with H&E because of mucin. Nuclei are flattened & displaced towards the basal part of the cell.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What characterizes Seromucous or Mixed cells/glands?

Definition
Have both serous & mucous acini (ass-in-eye...no I'm not kidding...) Generally the serous cells are located over the mucous acini as serous demilunes (half moon shaped part of the of a gland) ie. in the Mandibular Salivary Gland
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Serous Demilune?

Definition
a crescent of serous cells around one or more of glandular surfaces of a serous gland - its the dark outer part!
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Myoepithelial cell?

Definition
Interposed between the secretory cells & basement membrane. When contracts these cells force the secretory product into the duct system. These cells looks like a spotted catepillar that has curled up!
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is the function of Connective (Supportive) Tissue?

Definition
It connects other tissue & provides a framework to support the entire body by cartaliage & bones
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are Connective Tissue (CT) comprized of?

Definition

Cells: fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, pericytes, masts cells, etc, etc....

Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular

Amporphous Ground Substance: prteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, & interstital fliud

Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 9 types of relavent CT cells?

Definition

1. Mesenchymal Cells

2. Fibroblast Cells

3. Myofibroblasts

4. Adipocytes: two types, White & Brown

5. Mast Cells

6. Plasma Cells

7. Phagocytic cells

8. Pigment Cells

9. Leucocytes: 3 kinds, Lymphocytes, Monocytes & Granulocytes

Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 3 types of fibers in CT?

Definition

Collagen fibers

Elastic fibers

Reticular fibers

Term

Cytology/Histology


What are the 3 types of Amporphous Ground Substances found in CT?

Definition

Proteoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans

Interstital fluid

Term

Cytology/Histology


What are Mesenchymal cells?

Definition
Irregularly shaped cells with multiple processes, usually found adjacent to blood vessels. They serve as a reservoir of cells that can differentiate into any other type of CT cell.
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are Fibroblast cells?

Definition
The most common CT cell! It is responsible for the synthesis of fibers & intercellular ground substance (wound repair)
Term

Cytology/Histology


What are 2 stages of Fibroblast cells?

Definition

ACTIVE: Called a Fibroblast, it has a long branched sytoplasm process, an ovoid, euchromatic nucleus & cytoplasm rich in rER & Gogli Complexi

INACTIVE: Called a Fibrocyte (Quiescent) it does nothing, & suspended from function.

Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Myofibroblast cell?

Definition
Specialized Fibroblast that contains an "actin filament" it plays a role in contraction during wound healing!
Term

Cytology/Histology


What is a Reticular cell?

Definition
Stellate (star shaped) cells with spherical nucleus & basophilic cytoplasm. They produce type III collagen fibers.
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