Term
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Definition
| The study of the form and structure an organism's body. It is the "Mother of all Medical Science" |
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Term
| What are the 3 divisions of Anatomy? |
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Definition
Gross (Macro-Anatomy)
Embryology (Micro-Anatomy)
Histology (Micro-Anatomy) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the delvelopment of an organism. The development process of the tissues and organs and the study of abnormal development processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of tissue structure at the microscopic level. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the parts of the organism that we can see with the naked eye |
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Term
| What are the 4 divisions of Gross Anatomy? |
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Definition
Systematic (Descriptive)
Topographical (Regional)
Applied (Clinical)
Comparative (Differential) |
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Term
| What is meant by Systematic Anatomy? |
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Definition
| The functional anatomy of related organs and systems. |
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Term
| What is meant by Topographical Anatomy? |
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Definition
| Organs ans systems in relation to parts or regions of the body and to themselves. Also a projection of organs or structures in relation of the surface or outside of the body. |
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Term
| What is meant by Clinical Anatomy? |
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Definition
| Anatomy as it relates to clinical practice - diagnosis, surgery, radiography. ie: You need to know where the nerves are so you don't cut through them during surgery. |
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Term
| What is meant by Comparitive Anatomy? |
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Definition
| Anatomical parts and how they are related and different from the same parts in a different body. ie: the difference in a dogs heart when compared to a horse heart. |
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Term
| Why is Anatomy called the "Mother of all Medicial Science"? |
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Definition
| It is the basis for such sciences as Pathology, Medicine, Animal Production, and Animal Production. |
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Term
| What is the definition of "a plane"? |
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Definition
| a surface, real or imaginary, along which, any 3 points can be connected by a straight line. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the living material inside the cell. Cells containing protoplasm are intermixed with non-protoplasmic intercellerular substances to form Tissues. |
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Term
| What do collections of Tissues make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do collections of Organs make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 categories of tissues? |
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Definition
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous Tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that are grouped together by connective tissue with minium space between them. They are mostly found on surfaces or organs or vessels that need to be protected and are closley adherant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelium tissue that lines the vessel, such as the inner lining of the blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelium tissue that lines body cavities, such as those lining the intestinal wall. |
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Term
| What is connective tissue (CT)? |
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Definition
| A binding a ubiquitous tissue that is both solid and fuild. It has a wide range of forms and arragments. ie. Bone, blood, tendons - these are all CT. |
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Term
| What are the components of CT? |
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Definition
| Amorphous (jelly like) matrix in which connnective tissue cells are dispersed. This is what determines which kind of CT is present. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Areolar CT? |
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Definition
| Loosley arranged and great movibility becuase of little spaces in the tissue. It is made of Collagen + elastic fibers which allows it to stretch. |
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Term
| What is the function of Areolar CT? |
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Definition
| To provide support. It is found in the blood vessles, organs in the abdomen and the thorax. ie: Trechea, heart, kidneys |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Dense CT? |
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Definition
| Mainly tough, dense, white fibrous tissue. It has a regular and organized arrangment. It is non-elastic and does not stretch. ie: Tendons, ligaments |
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Term
| What is the function of Dense CT? |
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Definition
| It makes up the tendons and ligaments which provide muscle attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flat tendon which has fibers arranged in two planes. Cranio-Caudal and Dorso-ventral. They Attach length-wise muscle such as the extensor abdominal oblique muscle. |
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Term
| How are non-aponeurotic CT arranged? |
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Definition
| Unidirecctional or Parallel. They are very dense and have great tensile strength. They hold muslces that run the length of a bone but are not attached to the bone. ie: the Retinacula wraps around the tendons of the leg, holding it to a bone that it does not attach to. |
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Term
| The most dense CT is made of what 3 fibers? |
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Definition
Collagen - White, Strong, Fibers that to not stretch.
Elastic - Yellow fibers, thinner than collagen which branch and unite.
Reticular - Very thin fibers, produced by fibroblasts, that form a network between cells and act as a microscopic skeleton of organs. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Superficial Fascia? |
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Definition
| Fibrous sheets between tissues. Also known as the "subcutis" or "hypodermis". It is areolar, subcutaneous CT just below the skin. |
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of Superficial Fascia? |
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Definition
- This is common site for injections since its loose nature can accomodate large volums of fluid.
- Infections spread easily in this tissue.
- Adipose tissue (fat) acumulates here. especially in the pig (Panniculus Adiposus) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Superficial Fascia? |
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Definition
| This encapsulates the muscles, seperates and give them their shape. these are tough fiberious sheets beneath the superfiscal fascia. May be modified: ie: retinacula is thickened parts of deep fascia that holds tendons in place. They are relatively impermeable, fluid (like pus)can spread along them but not go through them. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Cartilage? |
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Definition
| A very specialized CT which is a Gel-like matrix of Hyaluronic acid and Protoglycans which provides structural support. It can have spaces in between its parts and can be encapsulated by a perichondrium (sack dense CT). |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage we are concerned with? |
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Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Hyline cartilage? |
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Definition
| Flexable, Bluish-white in color or sometimes translucent. It is predominately a matrix or a grounding structure, ie: septum of the nose, larynx. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Elastic cartilage? |
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Definition
| Yellow matrix of many eleastic CT fibers. ie: epiglottis, auricles of the ear (support cartilage giving shape to the ear) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage cartilage? |
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Definition
| a matrix almost completely made up of collegen fibers which can withstand strong forces. It is ALWAYS associated with dense CT. ie: intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Bone? |
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Definition
| Bone is highly specialized, and the most rigid form of CT. It consists of a matrix of special collagen fibers. |
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Term
| What are the chemical components of the bone matrix and what the percentages in which they are found? |
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Definition
Orgainic portion: Collagen/Ossein 35%
Inorganic portion: Calcium Phosphate: 58% & Calcium Carbonate: 7% |
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Term
| What are the functions of Bone? |
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Definition
Form and Support
Levers to move (amble)
Protection of fragile organs
Mineral homeostasis |
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Term
| What are the 3 tpyes of bones? |
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Definition
Long bones: limb bones
Short bones: carpal & vertebral bones
- Flat bones: cranial bones |
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Term
| What are the parts of a long bone? |
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Definition
| Long bones have a Diaphysis (middle shaft) between the proximal & distal Metaphysises (conical portion) each connecting to it's own Epiphysis (ends). |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Diaphysis of the long bone? |
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Definition
| The Diaphysis, or shaft of the bone is the long cylndrical part of the bone which encasulates the Medullary Cavity where Bone Marrow is housed. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Metaphysis of the long bone? |
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Definition
| The conical part of bone between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis. Internally it is occupied by cancellous (spongy) bone & consists of 3 dimentional, interlacing spicules(plates and tubes of bone) of varying densities. This allows the bone to resist compresion and absorb shock. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Epiphysis of the long bone? |
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Definition
| The ends of the long bones which articular with other bones. It is similar in structure to the Metaphysis but is the densist part of the long bone and is created by the Epiphysial plate (Growth plate). Each Epiphysis has its own Epiphysial plate between it and the Metaphysis. |
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Term
| What is the Epiphysial plate responsible for? |
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Definition
| lengthening of the bone during the growth phase. The plate seals during the transition from puberty to adulthood. |
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Term
| What are the two types of Bone Marrow, and what do they do? |
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Definition
Red: Active marrow that makes Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Yellow: Inactive marrow which is no longer capable of producing RBCs. Clinically, discovery of this is a Red Flag. |
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Term
| How much of the body's blood supply is reserved for the bones? |
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Definition
| 5%-10%: A very large portion of the body's cardiac outoput goes to the bones. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Nutrient Artery? |
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Definition
| This is largest source of blood for the bones, it enters through the Nutrient Foramen in the middle of the Diaphysis on either the proximal or distal end of the bone. |
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Term
| What other arteries do we going into bones? |
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Definition
| Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal arteries |
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Term
| What are Anatomoses? What is their significance? |
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Definition
| These are a network of capilaries connecting 2 strucutes. ie: there are anatomses connecting the nutrient and metaphyseal arties. This is significant because it provides good Collateral Circulation which is sufficient for bone survival if one of the arteries is damaged. |
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Term
| What are the characterisitics of viens leaving the bones? |
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Definition
| Veins are thin-walled, they accompany arteries, and function to return un-oxygenated blood back to the heart. Corticals capillaries drain into venules with the periosteum of the bones, via centrifugal Cortical Circulation. |
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Term
| What accompanies the larger blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristics constitutes a Short Bone? |
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Definition
| The width & length are similar, they are usually grouped and have compact bone externally & cancellous bone internally. There is no medualar cavity so bone marrow is only with-in the tiny spaces in the cancellous bone sheets. ie: carpal bones, vertebral bones. |
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Term
| What characteristics constitutes a Flat Bone? |
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Definition
| These bones have 2 mjor surfaces, and are made of flat sheets of compact bone with a thin layer of cancellous bone between. ie: skull bones, pelvic girdle, scapula |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of specialized bones we are interested in? |
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Definition
Sesamoid Bones
Splanchnic Bones
Pneumatic Bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Special bones that forms with-in soft tissues, near bones where sudden change in direction or great friction occurs. Found over prominances of bond, usually at synovial joints or against other major bones. ie: patella, proximal/distal knuckle bones |
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Term
| What are Splanchnic Bones? |
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Definition
| Bone that form in soft tissues away from the skeleton. ie: os penis, ossa cordis (Heart of ruminants) |
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Term
| What are Pneumatic Bones? |
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Definition
| Bones with cavities in the skull which are invaded by nasal mucosa linking them to the paranasal sunuses. Post crainial bones of the skulls of birds are also air filled. |
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Term
| What are the functions of Muscles? |
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Definition
| Muscles are specialized for contraction in order to provide movement, pumping blood, and the generation of heat (involuntary tremors when cold.) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle? |
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Definition
Skeletal Muscle (Striated, somatic (voluntary))
Cardiac Muscles (Striated, autonomic (involuntary))
Smooth (Visceral, non-striated, autonomic (involuntary)) |
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Term
| What is the main function of Skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| To provide meovement in conjuction with the skeleton (Pull and move the levers). It is a voluntary muscle and requires stimulation from the nerves to contract. This type of muscle makes up the bulk of the body (about have of an animal carcass is this muscle) |
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Term
| What is the main function of Smooth muscle? |
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Definition
| To move materials around the body. It lines the blood vessels & viscera. ie: respiratory tract, intestinal tract, blood vessels, tubular genetalia, etc. It is non-striated & involuntary. It contacts spontanesously with-out deliberate stimulation. Fibers are long, thin and spindle shaped. |
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Term
| What is the main function of Cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and its only purpose is to pump blood in & out of the heart. |
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Term
| Each Muscle cell is known as a ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 components of a single muscle fibre? |
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Definition
Sarcoplasm (Protoplasm)
Sarcolemma (Cell Membrane)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Sarcomere (Functional Unit)
Sarcosome (Mitochondria) |
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Term
| Muscle fibres vary greatly in ______? |
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Definition
| Size: can get up to 10, even 40 centemeters long, and 19 - 100 microns thick |
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Term
| How are muscle fibers arranged? |
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Definition
A single cell = one Fibre, surrounded by an Endomycium (inner CT covering)
A group of fibres = one Bundle, surrounded by a Perimycium (middle CT covering)
A group of Bundles = one whole muscle surround by an Epimycium (top CT covering) |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Endo, Peri, and Epimycium? |
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Definition
| They fuse at the end of the main belly to form a Tendon which attached the muscle to the bone. |
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Term
| What are the two types of skeletal muscles Fibres? |
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Definition
Type I: Slow Twitch Fibres
Type II: Fast Twitch Fibers |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Type I Muscle Fibres? |
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Definition
Slow Twitch Fibres:
slow, sustainable
aerobic
myoglobin rich
RED |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Type II Muscle Fibres? |
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Definition
Fast Twitch Fibres:
3x faster than Type I
fatigue quickly
anaerobic
myoglobin poor
pale/white |
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Term
| What are the general considerations of Muscle Construction/Architecture? |
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Definition
It's based on the fiber arrangment in the belly of the muscle.
The length of the fibres determines the shortness of the contraction.
In general muscles are spindle-shaped with the Head, Tail, & Body. |
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Term
| What are the different muscle fiber arrangements? |
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Definition
Strap-Like: fibres are parallel and long.
Pennate: fibres attach to their tendon(s) at an angle with bellies held close to the trunk of the body. |
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Term
| Sometimes two muscles or groups will be seperated by an ______ _______? |
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Definition
| Intermeadiate tendon. ie: digastric muscle, has two bellies seperated by an Intermeadiate tendon |
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Term
| Some muscles arise from more than one head and have a common tendon of ______? |
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Definition
| Insertion (only 1 tail) ie: biceps, triceps, quadriceps. |
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Term
| Some muscles work together as _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some muscles work against eachother as _______? |
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Definition
| Antagonists - provide a counteracting force. ie. biceps & triceps are antagonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| To reduce the angle between two bones of a joint. ie: to flex the humeral joint (shoulder) you bring the humerus and the scapula together reaching a more acute angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| To increase the angle of articulation of a joint. ie: to Extend the humeral joint (shoulder) the humerus and the scapula must move apart reaching a more obtuse angle |
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Term
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Definition
| To move a body part away from the trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| To move a body part closer to the trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| To raise a body part relative to another body part. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main muscle controlling movement of a limb. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between Abductor muscles and Adductor muscles? |
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Definition
| They are antagonists, they work against eachother with opposite force. |
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Term
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Definition
| To advance a body part cranially |
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Term
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Definition
| To pull a body part caudally |
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Term
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Definition
| To move the dorsal surface of a limb to a palmar/plantar position. |
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Term
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Definition
| To move the palmar/plantar surface of a limb to a dorsal position. |
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Term
| Pronation and Supination are Dorsal/Ventral with resspect to? |
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Definition
Themselves!
HA got you with that one didn't I?! its true though.... |
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Term
| What is a Synovial Bursa? |
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Definition
| A fluid filled cushion of over one hard surface. Will not be on both sides! |
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Term
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Definition
| This wraps all the way around the tendon, if the greater part of the tendon is at risk. This happens in places where there is alot of action such as the Stifle. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of protective cartilage appears in areas where excessive friction occurs. ie: intersessamoidian ligament of the horse. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the blood supply to the muscles? |
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Definition
High amount of blood supplied through one or multiple arteries
Anatomses recieve some but not sufficent supply
Veins are satellites of arteries |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the blood supply to the muscles? |
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Definition
| Tendons are relatively avascular which is way they are slow to heal. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the nerve supply to the muscles? |
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Definition
Muscles carry with them the nerves of the "somite(s)" from which they develop.
Nerves accompany the major blood vessels to the muscles, they pass through and branch with-in the connective tissue septae of the muscles. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Exoskeleton? |
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Definition
| To protect internal structures. ie: insects, horns, hoofs |
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Term
| What is the function of an Endoskeleton? |
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Definition
| to provide structure and support via a system of bones and cartilages. |
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Term
| What are the two divisons of the (exo-)skeleton? What are they comprised of? |
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Definition
Axial Skeleton: comprised of the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular Skeleton: comprised of the bones of the limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the Osssa (bones) that compbine to form the skeleton of diverse animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long fissure in the bone that runs the length of the bone |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Condyle |
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Definition
| A knuckle shaped articular surface, usually present at the distal end of the bone. |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Epicondyle |
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Definition
| A relatively small projection adjacent to the condyle. Usually provides attachment for a muscle |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Fossa (Pl: Fossae) |
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Definition
| A small depression in the body of the bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| an expanded and nearly rounded part of a bone, usually present at the proximal extremity of a long bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the constricted part immediately below the head |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Cornu (Pl: Cornua)/ Humulus |
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Definition
| curved horn like projection from the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| an elongated elevation on the bone. Not on flat bones! |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Process |
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Definition
| a large projection. These are HUGE like the projections on the the vertebral bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small, shallow articular surface (generally flat or slightly concave in nature) |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Fovea (Pl: foveae) |
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Definition
| A small pit or cuplike depression in a bone or organ. Does NOT run the length of the bone |
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|
Term
Osteological Terms
Incisura/Incisure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Osteological Terms
Foramen (Pl: Foramina) |
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Definition
| Any opening or perforation through a bone or in to a bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a slender or pointed projection (generally along the length of a flat bone not a prominant as a crest) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a faint elongated elevation on a bone. (a tiny crest) |
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|
Term
Osteological Terms
Sulcus (Pl: Sulci) or Groove |
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Definition
| an elongated depression on any bone. |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Trochanter |
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Definition
| A very large prominence on a bone. (always non-articular). Provides stability to tendons and is always on the proximal end of a bone. |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Trochlea (Pl: Trochleae) |
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Definition
| a pulley–like grooved articular surface. Is sometimes larger than the head of the bone. usually on the distal end of a bone. |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Tubercle |
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Definition
| a small projection (Exception – a large tuberosity on the Humerus is called tubercle) |
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Term
Osteological Terms
Tuberosity |
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Definition
| a large and round projection |
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Term
What is the name of this view?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of this view?
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of this view?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of this view?
[image] |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the pectoral girdle? |
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Definition
| Scapula and clavicle (rudementary) - absent in some animals (feline) |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the Brachium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the Anti-Brachium? |
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Definition
| the forearm (Radius and Unla bones) |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the Manus? |
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Definition
| The Carpal Bones, Metacarpal Bones, and the Phalange Bones |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Supraspinatus Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORGIN: Supraspinious fossa of the Scapula Bone
INSERTERTION: Greater Tubercle of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Extend the Humeral Joint |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Infraspinatus Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Infraspinious fossa of the Scapula Bone INSERTERTION: Greater tubercle of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Flex the Humeral Joint & Abduct the limb |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Subscapoularis Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Subscapular Fossa of the Scapula Bone (Subscapular face)
INSERTERTION: Lesser tubercle of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Adduct the limb at the Humeral Joint and bring the cubodial joint, towards the trunk. |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Serratus Ventralis Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: C4-C10th Ribs
INSERTERTION: Medial (Serrated)Face of the Scapula Bone
ACTION: Support or elevate the Trunk |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Rhomboideus Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Nuchal Ligament, 4-6th Vertebra
INSERTERTION: Dorsal Border of the Scapula Bone
ACTION: Elevate the Limb, Pull the dorsal scapula bone close to the trunk. |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Trapezious Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Mid-Dorsal Raphe & Supraspinatus Ligament
INSERTERTION: Spine of the Scapula Bone
ACTION: Elevate the Limb |
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|
Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Latissimus Dorsi & Fascia on the caudal border of the Scapula Bone
INSERTERTION: The Olecranon
ACTION: Extend the Cubital Joint |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Deltoideus Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Scapular Spin & Acromion
INSERTERTION: Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Flex the Humeral Joint |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Deep Pectoralis Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Ventral Sternum
INSERTERTION: Lesser and Greater Tubercle of the Humerus
ACTION: Sling Trunk between forlimbs. Draw trunk forward when limb is fixed |
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|
Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Superficial Pectoralis Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Cranial Sternum
INSERTERTION: Distal to the Deltoid tuberosity of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Adduct the limb |
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|
Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Biceps Brachii Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Superglenoid Tubercle
INSERTERTION: Medial Tubercle of the Proximal Radius
ACTION: Flex the Cubodial Joint & Extend the Humeral Joint |
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|
Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Brachialis Muscle? |
|
Definition
ORIGIN: Brachial Groove of the Humerus Bone
INSERTERTION: Proximal Radius &/or Ulna
ACTION: Flex the Cubital Joint
NOTE: Protects the Radial Nerve |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Latissimus Dorsii Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Thoracolumbar fascia
INSERTERTION: Teres Tuberosity of the Humerus Bone
ACTION: Antagonistic to the Brachiocephalicus M. Flexes the Humeral Joint & drawing the limb caudally when not bearing weight & extends the Humeral Joint when bearing weight |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Brachiocephalicus Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Vestigal Fibrous intersection
INSERTERTION: Several places on the skull and cervical vertebrae
ACTION: Advances the limb and extends the Humeral Joint. Draws neck & head ventrally when limb is fixed. If both sides contract it arches the nexk |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Triceps Brachii Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Long head --> Caudal Border of the Scapula Bone
INSERTERTION: Tuberolecrani of the olecranon
ACTION: All heads extend the Cubital Joint, The long head flexes the Humeral Joint |
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Term
Muscles
What is the origin, insertion and action of the Omotransversarius Muscle? |
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Definition
ORIGIN: Transverse process of the Atlas Bone
INSERTERTION: Ancromion Process of the Scapula Bone
ACTION: Pull limb cranially or pull neck & head to the side |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Protracts (extend) the Cubital Joint (elbow)? |
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Definition
| Triceps Brachii Muscle & the Tensor Fasciae Antibrachium Muscle |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Retracts (flex) the Cubital Joint (elbow)? |
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Definition
| Biceps Brachii Muscle & Brachialis Muscle |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Adducts the forelimbs? |
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Definition
| Supscapularis Muscle, Superficial Pectoralis Muscle & Deep Pectoralis Muscle |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Protracts (extend) the Humeral Joint (shoulder)? |
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Definition
| Deltoideus Muscles, Infraspinatus Muscle, Teres Major Muscle, Latissimus Dorsi Muscle, & the Triceps Brachii Muscle |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Retracts (extend) the Humeral Joint (shoulder)? |
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Definition
| Supraspinatus Muscle, Biceps Brachii Muscle, Latissimus Dorsi Muscle. |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) Abducts the forelimbs? |
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Definition
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) make up the Lateral Collateral Ligment? |
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Definition
| Suprascapularis Muscle & Infrascapularis Muscle |
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Term
Muscles
What muscle(s) make up the Medial Collateral Ligment? |
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Definition
| Subscapularis Muscle & Coracobrachialis Muscle |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What are the names of the bones in the first row of the carpus? |
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Definition
| Intermedioradial Carpal Bone, Ulnar Carpal Bone, Accessory Carpal Bone |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What is Pronation? |
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Definition
| The inward rotation of the forearm |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What is Supination? |
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Definition
| The outward rotation of the forearm |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
How many carpal bones does the dog have? |
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Definition
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
What is the major function of the carpal bones? |
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Definition
| Shock absorbtion from concussions |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
How many metacarpal bones are in the canine forearm? |
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Definition
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the smallest funtional unit in a mutlicellular organism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Cytology/Histology
The Cell is surrounded by a ______? |
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Definition
| Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the Approximate thickness of the Plasmalemma? |
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Definition
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is meant by "integral transmembrane protien"? |
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Definition
| A protien that goes all the way through the Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
>What is meant by "Peripheral membrane protien"? |
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Definition
| A protien that sticks out of the Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane), but does not go all the way through to the inside of the cell |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is present in the external leaflet of a cell's plasmalemma (Cell Membrane) that protects it from mechanial and chemical damage? |
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Definition
| The Glycocalyx Coat (Made of glycolipid & Glycoprotein) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the functions of a cell membrane? |
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Definition
Protection - the plasmalemma protects the cell is many ways
Control of materials in and out of the cell - the plasmalemma is selectively permeable
Sensing - Special receptors on the Plaasmalemma can recognize an antigen & stimulate immunological mechanisms such as Phagocytosis. Also have receptors from hormones & other materials |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
Most Nuclei are what shape? |
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Definition
| Most are spherical or ovoid, but they can be spindle shaped (smooth muscle), bean or kidney shaped (monocytes) or multilobulated (neutrophil leucosytes) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What cell in the mammaial body has lacks nuclei? |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes (blood cells) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What constitutes the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
Two concentric membranes seperated by a 25mm thick perinuclear space. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
The outter layer of the nuclear envelope is studded with what organelle, and is continuous with teh rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| Ribosomes - translates RNA and synthesizes proteins |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
The inner layer of the nuclear enveople is bound to membrane proteins are which specific site of _________ are attached? |
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Definition
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Term
Cytology/Histology
The nuclear envelope has numerous pores which do what? |
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Definition
| Provide selective & active transport between the nucleus & cytoplasm? |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 2 types of Chromatin? |
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Definition
Heterochromatin - in basophilic clumps, predominatnt in relatively inactive cells, stains darkly
Euchromatin - Predominat and abundant in active cells, stains lightly & is uniformly dispersed |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What kind of a structure is the Nucleolus? |
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Definition
| A spherical and basophilic structure preominent in cells that are activley synthesizing proteins |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the Nucleolus made of & what is it's function? |
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Definition
| Loops of DNA which contain a group of rRNA genes. It is involved int eh synthesis of rRNA & its packaging into precursors of ribosomes |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are ribosomes & what is their function? |
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Definition
| They are small, electron dense, cytoplasmic particles, aproximately 15-25nm in diameter. Their function is protein synthesis |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a polyribosome? |
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Definition
| Small groups of ribosomes |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
Where are ribosomes located? |
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Definition
| They can be signley, freely in the cytoplasm, or with the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| it consists of a network of tubules, bound by membranes which are either studded with ribosomes (rough ER), or without ribosomes (Smooth ER) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the difference between the Rought ER and the Smooth ER |
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Definition
| Rough ER is studded with ribosomes |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the function of the smooth ER? |
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Definition
to house an abundance in cells involved in lipid metabolism (sythesis of steroid hormones) and enzymes for synthesis of these lipids are located in the membrane of the smooth ER
It is also responsible for drug detoxification, release & recaptures of Ca ion during contraction and relaxation of muscles |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the function(s) of the Golgi Complex? |
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Definition
Provides a site for the accumulation, concentration, and packaging of secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles Biosynthesis or Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, Phosphlipids & Neutral lipids |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
At the structural level, the _________ _________ consistes of parallel membranes bound by flattened cisternae & associarted tubules with vesicles on either side |
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Definition
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Term
Cytology/Histology
How can you stain the Golgi Complex if you wanted to look at it? |
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Definition
| Silver Salt or Osmium. It will appear as a black network of cisternae |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Lysosome? |
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Definition
| Membrane-bound vesicles that contain various hydrolytis enzymes such as nucleases, proteases, lipids, etc |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
Where do the enzymes housed in the Lysosome come from? |
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Definition
| They are synthesised in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and transferred to the Golgi Complex, where they are modified and packeds as Primary Lysosomes. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Primary Lysosome? |
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Definition
| The primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytosed material or obsolete cellular organelles (Autophagy). The composite structure and become Secondary Lysosomes. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Lupofuscin? |
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Definition
| Age Pigment. It is residual body of a Secondary Lysosome which has completed digestion. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
How do you stain Mitochondrion? |
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Definition
| With Janus Green B, in living cells. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the function of a Mitochondria? |
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Definition
| An organelle that is responsible for producing energy and is abunant with high metaboloic activity. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Mitochondia? |
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Definition
It is an organelle comprised of an outer membrane and a special folded inner membrane.
Inner membrane = Folded (folds called cristae) containing enzymes that function in oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is are Cytoplasmic Inclusions? |
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Definition
| These are bodies of extra materials that cell needs for a specific purposes. Those that may dissovle are bound in a protective membrane (ie. glycogen granules). Those that are non-dissolvable are packed into an unbound ciruclar body (ie. magnetosomes) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
Name 5 common inclusion bodies relavent to histology? |
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Definition
Glycogen
Lipid
Melanin
Hemosiderin
Lipofuscin |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Glycogen Inclusion body? |
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Definition
| A type of inclusion body found in liver and muscle cells that stores granules of Gylcogen to be used for energy at a later time. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Lipid Inclusion body? |
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Definition
A type of inclusion body found in Adipose cells that stores lipids
What? No way? Really?...yes really! :P
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Melanin Inclusion body? |
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Definition
| A type of inclusion body found in the skin and pigment epithelium of the Retina. Its stores granules of Melanin (pigment) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Hemosiderin Inclusion body? |
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Definition
| A type of inclusion body containing Hemosidern which results from hemoglobin degradation |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Lipofuscin Inclusion body? |
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Definition
| A type of inclusion body containing indigestable residue of a secondary lysosome after phagocytosis, commonly found in the cardiac muscle, liver and nerve cells. This pigment increases with age. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 4 types of basic tissue types? |
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Definition
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Neverous Tissue |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Sheets of aggregated cells of similar type that cover or line the external & internal surfaces of the body. It sits on a basal membrane, which can be seen with PAS technique or silver salt staining. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 4 functions of Epithelium? |
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Definition
Protection
Absorbtion
Secretion
Diffusion |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the classification of Epithelium based on? |
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Definition
Number of layers present plus
Shape of the cells |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the possible classifications of Epithelium? |
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Definition
1. Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells reesting on the basement membrane 2. Stratified Epithelium: two or more layers of cells with only the basal cell layer resting on the basement membrane
Plus a further division of the simple and stratified cells based on shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Simple Squamous Epithelium? |
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Definition
| A single layer of thin, flat & scale-like cells. A spherical or oval nucleus gives a slightly elevated (bulging) appearence. ie: lining of blood vessels, pleural & peritonieal cavities, pulmonary alveoli * glomerular capsule. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium? |
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Definition
| A single layer of cudoial cells with centrally placed nucleus ie: thyroid gland, collecting ducts of the kidney cells. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Simple Columnar Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Tall, Narrow cells with an oval nucleus located near the base of the cell. ie: stomach, intestine & gall bladder |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Simple Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium? |
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Definition
| A single layer of cells, various in cell shape with nulceus located at various levels. Gives an impression of stratified epithelium. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Several layers of cells with the most superficial cells having a squamous shape. ie; skin (keratinized form: no nucleus) & cornea (non-keritanized form: has nuclei) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What does Keritanized mean? |
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Definition
| A layer of dead cells that has no nuclei on the top layer. Its a protective layer of dead cells. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Usually 2-3 layers of cube shaped cells. ie: lining of excetory ducts of glands |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Stratified Columnar Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Usually 2-3 layers of long, thin, tall shaped cells. ie: paratoid & mandibular gland ducts |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Transitional Epithelium? |
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Definition
| Lines certain hollow organs & capable of considerable distention. In the relaxed state, superficial cells are dome-shaped & bulge into the lumen. they look like bunched elastic. When stretched, it is reduced to looking like layers of flattened cells. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Gland? |
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Definition
| A glandualr or secretory epithilium & duct system (Parenchyma) with a supportive framework of connective tissue (Stroma) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Parenchyma? |
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Definition
| The functional part of a gland, usually productionary system and the duct system |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is Stroma? |
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Definition
| The structural part of gland, the connective tissue that give it shape |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is are the type types of glands? |
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Definition
Unicellular
Multicellular
and
Exocrine (Ductless)
Endocrine (Has Ducts) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What as the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands? |
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Definition
Endocrine gland secretions are released into the intercellular fliud & transported to the site of action by the blood Endocrine glands secrettions go through ducts to there destinations and can be either a compound or simple gland |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
How can we further classify glands, beyone exocrine and endocrine, uni- or multi cellular? |
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Definition
By the nature of their secretory products & cells.
Serous
Mucous
Seromucous |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What characterizes Serous cells/glands? |
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Definition
| They produce a thin, watery secretion. The cells have spherical nuclei in the central or lower half & apical cytoplasm is filled with small secretory granules called "Zymogen Granules" |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What characterizes Mucous cells/glands? |
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Definition
| They produce a thick, viscous (mucin) secretion that forms a protective covering. Cells stain lightly with H&E because of mucin. Nuclei are flattened & displaced towards the basal part of the cell. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What characterizes Seromucous or Mixed cells/glands? |
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Definition
| Have both serous & mucous acini (ass-in-eye...no I'm not kidding...) Generally the serous cells are located over the mucous acini as serous demilunes (half moon shaped part of the of a gland) ie. in the Mandibular Salivary Gland |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Serous Demilune? |
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Definition
| a crescent of serous cells around one or more of glandular surfaces of a serous gland - its the dark outer part! |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Myoepithelial cell? |
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Definition
| Interposed between the secretory cells & basement membrane. When contracts these cells force the secretory product into the duct system. These cells looks like a spotted catepillar that has curled up! |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is the function of Connective (Supportive) Tissue? |
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Definition
| It connects other tissue & provides a framework to support the entire body by cartaliage & bones |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are Connective Tissue (CT) comprized of? |
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Definition
Cells: fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, pericytes, masts cells, etc, etc....
Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
Amporphous Ground Substance: prteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, & interstital fliud |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 9 types of relavent CT cells? |
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Definition
1. Mesenchymal Cells
2. Fibroblast Cells
3. Myofibroblasts
4. Adipocytes: two types, White & Brown
5. Mast Cells
6. Plasma Cells
7. Phagocytic cells
8. Pigment Cells
9. Leucocytes: 3 kinds, Lymphocytes, Monocytes & Granulocytes |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 3 types of fibers in CT? |
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Definition
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are the 3 types of Amporphous Ground Substances found in CT? |
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Definition
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Interstital fluid |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are Mesenchymal cells? |
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Definition
| Irregularly shaped cells with multiple processes, usually found adjacent to blood vessels. They serve as a reservoir of cells that can differentiate into any other type of CT cell. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are Fibroblast cells? |
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Definition
| The most common CT cell! It is responsible for the synthesis of fibers & intercellular ground substance (wound repair) |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What are 2 stages of Fibroblast cells? |
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Definition
ACTIVE: Called a Fibroblast, it has a long branched sytoplasm process, an ovoid, euchromatic nucleus & cytoplasm rich in rER & Gogli Complexi
INACTIVE: Called a Fibrocyte (Quiescent) it does nothing, & suspended from function. |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Myofibroblast cell? |
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Definition
| Specialized Fibroblast that contains an "actin filament" it plays a role in contraction during wound healing! |
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Term
Cytology/Histology
What is a Reticular cell? |
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Definition
| Stellate (star shaped) cells with spherical nucleus & basophilic cytoplasm. They produce type III collagen fibers. |
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