Term
Asexual vs Sexual
pros and cons |
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Definition
-reduce harmful mutations
generate beneficial gene combination to deal with environmental changes. |
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Term
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Definition
sex contributing more parental investment is limited recources for faster sex.
-Gender who invests less competes more, is larger, more colorful
Slow gender is smaller, choosier |
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Term
| Polygyny vs Polyandry vs Monogomy |
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Definition
polygyny- Males fast
Polyandry- females fast
Monogomy operational sex ratio |
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Term
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Definition
advantageous to support reproductive success of close relatives.
-animals display altruistic behavior towards other relatives |
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Term
Sex determination
# of chromosomes |
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Definition
44/46 autosomes 2 are sex chromosomes
22 from egg + X 22 from sperm +X or Y
some species lack sex chromosome, develope at different tempatures into guy or girl. Ensures embryos are of sex best suited for current environmental temperature. |
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Term
External Female genetalia
Vulva, Mons Veneris, pubic symphysis, labia majora, minora, clitoral hood, clit, urethra. |
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Definition
-Vulva-entire female external genital area
-Mons veneris-mound of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
-Pubic symphisis: fusion between left and right pubic bones (behind mons veneris)
Labia Majora:outer lips, Minora is inner lips.
Vestibule: inside labia minora
Clitoral Hood loos fold covering clitoris
Urethra canal for urine |
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Term
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Definition
Annular is most common O
Septate- has line in middle
Cribiform- many lines and small |
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Term
| 3 types of Genital Mutilation |
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Definition
Sunnah- tip of clitoris
Clitorideectomy- Remove clitoris
Infibulation- Remove everything, stitch for menstration and peeing. |
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Term
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Definition
Feature of the vagina
-described in 1950's maybe set of paraurethral glands |
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Term
| Cancer cervix and endometrium |
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Definition
-cervical cancer death rate dropped 75%, due to pap test (coloposcopy). main factor HPV
endometrium- better survival rate 3x more likely, 50% more deaths. Treated by hysterectomy or chemo.
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Term
| Ovaries: function and info |
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Definition
Release mature oocytes
-produce and sex hormones
-newborne has 1 mil, 200k by puberty
Sperm fertilizes egg in oviducts (fallopian tubes) |
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Term
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Definition
15-20 lobes separated by fibrous and fatty tissue.
Lobes are further divided into lobules which are cavities called alveoli
lactiferous sinuses- near nipple where milk collects, upper part of lactiferous duct.
Areola-circular patch of skins surrounds nipple.
milk is produced in the alveolus, stored in lactiferous sinus. lobules are small subdivisions of breast. |
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Term
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Definition
-leading cause of death among middle aged women, 180k diagnosed each year, 85% 50+
-Increase risk:genes, age, alcohol, obesity, history, estrogen
-decrease: reproductive history, exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Penis= clitoris developmentally, corresponds functionally it is clit, urethra and vagina. |
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Term
Penis has 3 visible portions
reproductive tract
Circumcision |
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Definition
Shaft, Head (glans), foreskin
produce sperm
release sex hormones
30% of world is circumsized, 1/3 US born
tenfold reduction in development in infant UTI's. Reduces smegma: white greasy secretion.
-superincion - no tissue is removed.
-subincision-cut made on underside, exposes urethra. |
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Term
| Internal structure of penis |
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Definition
Shaft has three erectile structures, two corpora cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum
Corpus Cavernosum- elongated two structures surrounding spongeosum
-corpus spongeosum- surrounding urethra, expands at tip to form glands.
Glans- end or terminal nob
isochrocavernosus muscle- muscles assist with erection, ejaculation |
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Term
Testicles
Sperm production |
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Definition
7-12 F below body temp to produce sperm
Sperm produced via Meiosis.
1.) epididymis: structure attached to each testes through which sperm pass through vas deferins. decreases semen concentration by removing water.
Bulbourethral gland- 2 glands below prostate-secrete mucus pre cum
Cremaster-testicles up when cold
Seminifourous tubules- where sperm produced
Sertoli cells-nurture sperm, stimulated by FSH
Leydig cells: secretes steroids, testosterone, production stimulated from LH
Seminal Vesicles- 2 glands on each side of prostate- contribute fructose, fiberginonym 70% of semen
150 mil sperm per day
2.) Vas deferins: bilateral ducts from ejaculatory duct to epidydimis
3.) Spermatic cords- 2 bundles of structures- vas deferins, blood vessels, cremaster muscle leading through testis.
Prostate- surrounds urethra, produces 30% volume for sperm citric acid+ enzymes |
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Term
Testicular Cancer
Prostate problems |
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Definition
400/7400 men diagnosed annually die from disease, 20's and 30's
Prostatis- inflammation caused by infection treated with antibiotics.
Benign prostate hypertrophy-enlarged prostate, common, increased likelihood with age. Operation to reduce
Prostate Cancer- most common non-skin cancer among american men. 220k new cases, 2.7k die every year. |
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Term
Sperm structure
flagellum, nucleus, acrosome, midpeice |
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Definition
Flagellum is the tail, mid-peice is mitochondria, acrosome release enzymes for penetrating zona pelucida
Single ejaculate is 2-5mL |
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Term
| Glandular contributions to sperm |
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Definition
Testes=sperm (1% volume)
Epidymus-decreases semen volume by removing water
Prostate gland- citric acid and enzymes )30% volume
Seminal vesicles- fructose, fibriginonym (70%)
Bulboururethral- mucus/precum |
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Term
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Definition
Endocrine system+nervous system
-spinal reflex: stimulation of nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
-blood enters sinusoids in erectile tissue, sinusoids are collapsible spaces separated by trabaculae wall.
-release NT nitric oxide which relaxes smooth muscle.
Flacid= sympathetic,arteriole constricted, trabeculae walls contracted, but low pressure since blood enters and exits and veins are open
Erect: arterioles relaxed, trabeculae muscles relax to allow pressure in sinuses to rise. |
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Term
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Definition
emission is loading semen into urethra (1-2 sec) liquid to gel
Ejaculation caused by contractions of muscles in urethra (10-15 seconds) neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Androgens: are steroids promoting male development. testosterone produced in leydig cells of gonads, and thecal cells of ovaries . In men 2 cycles in adrenal cortex, masculinizes body, brain.
5 a DHT: effects external genetalia, prostate gland, targets and maintains external genetalia. |
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Term
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Definition
Any class of steroids that promotes development of female secondary sex charachteristics.
Estradiol is synthesized from testosterone, by granulosa cells by way of enzyme aromatase.
-Granulosa cells of ovary produce and secrete estradiol. Estradiol is converted from testosterone via aromatase. |
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Term
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Definition
| any class of steroids that causes endometrium to proliferate and maintain pregnancy. High levels during luteal phase and higher at pregnancy. In men serves in synthesis of androgen. |
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Term
Porteins vs Peptides
oxytocin, GnRH FSH LH |
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Definition
proteins are longer polymer made of amino acids, peptides are polymers of amino acids shorter than a protein.
Oxytocin is a peptide present all the time in blood, most during breastfeeding, childbirth, and orgasm
GnRH is another peptide released by way of anterior pituitary, stimulates release of FSH and LH. FSH stimulates sperm production from sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules who also convert testosterone to DHT (5a reductase). LH= secretion of testosterone from leydig cells |
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Term
Protein hormones released from anterior pituitary which have sex related functions
protein hormones released by other tissues. |
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Definition
Prolactin- strengthens effects of other hormones promotes breast development
Growth hormone at puberty
HCG- synthesized by new organism, conceptus and placenta, useful for preg test
Inhibin- secreted by Sertoli cells, negative feedback on pituitary
Anti-mullerian hormone- block female development while a fetus |
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Term
| Regulating testosterone levels |
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Definition
1) Gnrh stimulates FSH LH
2) LH stimulates androgen secretion by leydig cells, FSH stimulates sertoli cells to generate sperm,
3) circulating testosterone causes pituitary to release less LH, dampening sensitivity to GnRH in pituitary, and less pulses of GnRH by hypothalamus. Inhibin decreases FSH in pituitary. |
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Term
| 3 phases of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
Menstrual: endometrium breaks down via drop in progesterone levels, estrogen levels drop
Follicular: oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells-primordial follicle then adds layer of thecal cells to become preantral follicle. Fluid filled cavity (antrum forms) follicle expands, and produces GnRH receptors, thecal cells for LH and granulosa cells for FSH.
Only follicles with receptors survuve, preovulatory follicle becomes dominant, and granulosa cells produce LH receptors. High estrogen levels create more granulosa cells #positive feedback etc... and LH surge. estrogen is usually negative feedback on LH becomes positive. Ovulation occurs as rupture, and release of secondary oocyte.
Luteal phase: dominant follicle becomes corpus luteum. Granulosa lutein cells release progesterone and inhibin, thecal lutein cells release estrogen, endometrium thickens, cervical mucus thickens, corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone, estrogen levels drop before menstrual phase.
Follicular phase has high estrogen, LH and FSH and testosterone. Most initiating sex at end of follicle cycle due to androgen
Luteal phasee has high progesterone, lower FSH, normal LH high estrogen. prepare body for pregnancy. |
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Term
| Dysmenhorrea, Amenorhea, Menorrhagia |
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Definition
Primary dysmenorrhea: disabling pain not pelvic, while secondary is caused by pelvic condition
Amenorrhea is stopped period, primary is failure to begin menstruating at puberty.
Menorrhagia is excessively heavy bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
sperm meets ovum within 24 hours of ovulation.
-capacitation: proteins on surface of sperm removed by enzymes in uterus and oviducts to swim more forcefully and recognize ovum.
-Acrosome reaction: acrosome opens to release enzymes to penetrate zona peullucida of ovum.
Conceptus is 2 celled organism produced |
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Term
| development of the conceptus |
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Definition
Morula is 16 cells
after Morula getsfluid filled cavity it is blastocyst.
Blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida, implants in uterus wall. |
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Term
Embryo is 2 weeks post conception-6weeks
3 structures |
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Definition
inner cell mass
Ectoderm become skin nervous system
Mesoderm bone, muscle, cardiovascular and skeletal
endoderm: digestive system and lungs
tiny plate of cells into human with all major organs
stem cells can survive and divide into any specialized cell types. |
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Term
Fetus: afer six weeks
what does it secrete |
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Definition
| secretes progesterone and estrogen to ensure maintenence of uterus and promote development of breast |
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Term
Genetic sex
where testes and ovaries develop from |
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Definition
embryo with Y = male
Ovum always contributes X, father sperm contrubutes X or Y
Testes and Ovaries develop from genital ridges 4 weeks post-conception, and in males cells activate SRY gene, females activate DAX-1 on X chromosome |
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Term
| ducts differentiate and gonads become ovaries or testes at 6 weeks |
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Definition
Wolffian ducts-male
Mullerian ducts-female
embryos have both, males need AMH and testosterone for development. |
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Term
External genetalia comes from Slit, 2 urethral folds, and genital swelling.
how it differs in males vs females |
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Definition
Males-folds fuse to form shaft, swelling becomes scrotum,
Females-folds fuse to from labia, vagina, clitoris, genital swelling forms labia majora, tubercl forms glans |
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Term
Gonads descend at what weeks
problem when testicles don't descend? |
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Definition
both sexes gonads decend at 10 weeks, but in females remain here until after birth, in males they descend to pelvis 6-7 months after conception, and descend into scrotum after birth.
If testes don't decend, cryptorchidism- 3 month old boys (1%, 2-5% decend a few weeks after birth) associated with lower fertility and cancer but can be moved surgically or treated with GnRH. |
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Term
| Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome |
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Definition
Turner: No Y chromosome so develop as females who are not fertile, no normal ovaries and infertile/no puberty. Short stature, cardiovascular defects, congtive impairment, treated with growth hormone, androgens, estrogen, progesterone
Klinefelter: extra X, males who are physically healthy, but have low testosterone, small testes, low facial hair, low sperm counts.learning disability with language |
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Term
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Definition
XYY are males increased rates of criminal conviction and antisocial behavior, low fertility and intelligence.
XXX females very similar to XX, remain undiagnosed with cognitive deficits, low fertility. |
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Term
AIS
CAH
5 a Reductase Deficiency |
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Definition
XY testes develop because of SRY gene and secrete hormones but they don't cause Wolffian duct to develop, and female external genetalia.
CAH is less corticosteroids so brain and pituitary increase androgen production. Excessive androgen secretion in XX females, genetalia look like male. Female internal reproductive tract, masculinized female genetalia
5 a Reductase deficiency is XY male without external developed genitalia of male,raised as girls |
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Term
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Definition
urethral folds don't enclose urethra
unusually small penis in newborn male, less than 1 inch in newborn 2% of boys, testosterone treatment, otherwise indistinguishable from other men. |
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Term
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Definition
Front of hypothalamus is Medial Preoptic Area, different in men vs women
Within it is INAH3, 3rd interstitial nucleus of anterior hypothalumus, larger in men and related to sexual orientation.
In rats equivalent is SDN POA and testosterone with females injected or normal males have large, castrated male has smaller like female given it later in life. |
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Term
| Organizational vs activational effects |
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Definition
early in life, permanent vs later in life and temporary
Mounting and lordosis studies show females given testosterone will mount and males castrated will cease mounting.
With lordosis, male must be castrated early on and given estrogen to do, and female given testosterone early in development won't do lordosis, no matter what hormones she is given.
SO testosterone is important early in organizational development. |
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Term
Other Y linked Genes
what drives puberty |
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Definition
increase stature, involved in spermatongenisis growth before implantation of conceptus.
Bodyfat=leptin=kisspeptin=GnRH=FSH LH=SEx steroids
androgen secretion in both sexes and estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH trigger menarche |
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Term
| Biological bases for love |
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Definition
Prairie home companions they is bond for life. mountains are promiscuous
Preforntal cortex and amygdyla become less active, interior cingulate cortex (sexual arousal) and insula (emotions)in cerebral cortex increase.
pair bonding = vasopressin, oxytocin released by posterior pituitary gland.
Insula zone |
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Term
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Definition
passion, commitment, intimacy
Liking=intimacy alone
Infatuation=passion alone
Empty love=commitment alone
Romantic love=intimacy and passion
Companionate=intimacy and commitment
Fatuous love= passion and commitment
Consumate=all |
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