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Sensory
BIOL 207-Exam 4 Dr. Anderson
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/23/2015

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Term
special sensory receptors
Definition
distinct, localized receptor cells in head; vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium
Term
the eye and vision
Definition
70% of body's sensory receptors here; processing by nearly half of cerebral cortex; protected by cushion of fat and bony orbit
Term
three layers of the eyeball
Definition
fibrous, vascular, inner
Term
sclera
Definition
fibrous wall; anchor point for muscles
Term
cornea
Definition
fibrous wall; aids in refractive power of eye
Term
choroid
Definition
vascular wall; important blood supply of eyeball
Term
ciliary body
Definition
vascular wall; controls shape of lens
Term
iris
Definition
vascular wall; controls pupil diameter
Term
optic disc
Definition
part of the retina; blind spot; site where optic nerve leaves eye; lacks photoreceptors
Term
rods
Definition
photoreceptor; vision receptors for dim light; more numerous; more sensitive to light; no color vision or sharp images; numbers greatest at periphery; contain single pigment; best suited for night vision
Term
cones
Definition
photoreceptors; vision for bright light; high-resolution color vision; mascula lutea exactly at posterior pole; react more quickly; contain one of three pigments
Term
choroid supplied outer third; central artery and vein of retina supply the inner two thirds
Definition
What are the two sources of blood supply to the retina?
Term
posterior segment
Definition
transmits light; supports posterior surface of lens; holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer; concontributes to intraocular pressure; forms in embryo
Term
anterior segment
Definition
composed of two chambers; anterior chmaber between cornea and iris and posterior chamber between iris and lens
Term
glaucoma
Definition
blocked drainage of aqueous humor increases pressure and causes compression of retina and optic nerve; leads to blindness
Term
lens
Definition
biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular; changes shape to precisely focus on retina
Term
refraction
Definition
bending of light rays; due to change in speed when light passes from one transparent medium to another; occurs when light meets surface of different medium at an oblique angle
Term
focusing for close vision
Definition
requires eye to make adjustments; accommodation of lenses, constriction of pupils, and convergence of eyeballs
Term
accommodation
Definition
for close vision; changing lens shape to increase refraction; near point of vision
Term
presbyopia
Definition
loss of accommodation over age 50
Term
constriction
Definition
for close vision; accommodation pupillary reflex constricts pupils to prevent most divergent light rays from entering eye
Term
convergence
Definition
for close vision; medial rotation of eyeball toward object being viewed
Term
myopia
Definition
problems of refractions; nearsightedness; focal point in front of retina i.e. eyeball too long; corrected with a concave lens
Term
hyperopia
Definition
problems of refractions; farsightedness; focal point behind retina i.ie. eyeball too short; corrected with convex lens
Term
astigmatism
Definition
problems of refractions; unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens; corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures
Term
retinal
Definition
light absorbing molecule that combines with one of four proteins to form visual pigments; synthesized from vitamin A
Term
light adpatation
Definition
move from darkness into bright light; both rods and cones strongly stimulated; large amounts of pigments broken down producing a glare; improves over 5-10 minutes
Term
dark adaptation
Definition
move from bright into darkness; cones stop functioning in low intensity light; rod pigments bleached; system turned off; rhodopsin accumulates in dark; retinal sensitivity increases within 20-30 minutes; pupils dilate
Term
depth perception
Definition
results from cortical fusion of slightly different images; requires input from both eyes
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
in roof of nasal cavity; cover superior nasal conchae; contains olfactory sensory neurons
Term
physiology of smell
Definition
gaseous odorant must dissolve in fluid of olfactory epithelium; dissolved oforants bind to receptor proteins in olfactory cilium membranes
Term
taste buds
Definition
receptor organs on tongue
Term
structure of a taste bud
Definition
50-100 flask-shaped epithelial cells of 2 types
Term
gustatory epithelial cells
Definition
taste cells
Term
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Definition
What are the five basic taste sensations?
Term
umami
Definition
taste for amino acids glutamate and aspartate
Term
bitter
Definition
taste for alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine; aspirin (usually poisons)
Term
salty
Definition
taste for metal ions
Term
sour
Definition
taste for hydrogen ions in solution (acid)
Term
sweet
Definition
taste for sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts
Term
Chemicals must be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into taste pore, and contact gustatory hairs
Definition
What has to happen in order to taste?
Term
triggers reflexes involved in digestion; increase secretion of saliva into mouth; increase secretion of gastric juice into stomach; many initiate protective reactions (gagging, reflexive vomiting)
Definition
What is the role of taste?
Term
external ear and middle ear
Definition
used only for hearing
Term
internal ear
Definition
used for hearing and equilibrium; receptors for hearing and balance respond to sparate stimuli; are activated independently
Term
auricle (pinna)
Definition
anatomy of external ear; composed of helix (rim) and lobule (earlobe); funnels sound waves into auditory canal
Term
external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
Definition
anatomy of external ear; short, curved tube lined with skin bearing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands; transmits sound waves to eardrum
Term
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Definition
boundary between external and middle ears; connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound; transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear
Term
middle ear (tympanic cavity)
Definition
a small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in temporal bone
Term
epitympanic recess
Definition
superior portion of middle ear
Term
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
Definition
connects middle ear to nasopharynx
Term
thee small bones in tympanic cavity
Definition
transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window; tensor muscles contract reflexively in response to loud sound to prevent damage to hearing receptors
Term
ostia media
Definition
middle ear inflammation; especially in children; most treated with antibiotics
Term
bony labyrinth
Definition
major division of internal ear; tortuous channels in temporal bone; three regions: vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea
Term
Vestibule
Definition
central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrnith; contains two membranous sacs that house equilibrium receptor regions and respond to gravity and changes in position of head
Term
saccule
Definition
one of the two membranous sacs of the vestibule that is continuous with cochlear duct
Term
utricle
Definition
one of the two membranous sacs of the vestibule that is continuous with semicircular canals
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
three canls that each define 2/3 circle
Term
cochlea
Definition
a spiral, conical, bony chamber about the size of split pea that extends from vestibule and coils around bony pillar; lined with three chambers
Term
pitch
Definition
perception of different frequencies
Term
quality
Definition
most sounds mixtures of different frequencies
Term
vestibular apparatus
Definition
equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule
Term
Maculae
Definition
sensory receptors for static equilibrium; monitor the position of head in space which is necessary for control of posture; respond to linear acceleration dorces but not rotation
Term
crista amullares
Definition
sensory receptor for rotational acceleration
Term
ampullary cupula
Definition
each crista has supporting cells and hair cells that extend into gel-like mass
Term
depolarizations and rapid impulses reach brain at faster rate
Definition
What does bending of hairs in the cristae cause?
Term
hyperpolarization and fewer impulses reach the brain
Definition
What does bending of hairs in opposite direction cause?
Term
changes in velocity of rotational movements of the head
Definition
What does cristae respond to?
Term
vestibular nystagmus
Definition
trange eye movements during and immediately after rotation; often accompanied by vertigo
Term
motion sickness
Definition
sensory input mismatches; visual input differs from equilibrium input
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