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Sensory Physiology
Test 3
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/13/2009

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Cards

Term
List the five forms of enery humans can detect.  List two forms of energy humans cannot detect.
Definition

Light, Sound, Chemical, Mechaincal, Thermal

 

Cannot- Radiation, Magnetic

Term
List five general types of receptors
Definition
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Chemorecepters, Electomagnetic, Nociceptors.
Term

Mechanoreceptors

 

Give function

 

Definition

 

detect physical changes in shape of cells/receptors

ex: touch, pressure, vibrations, sound, tension

Term

Thermoreceptors

 

give function

Definition

 

detects change in temperature

Term

Chemoreceptors

 

give function

Definition

 

taste, smell, O2, CO2, H+, osmolarity, glucose, amino acids

Term

Electromagnetic

 

Give function

Definition

 

light

Term

Nociceptors

 

give function

Definition

 

pain, tissue damage

Term
Since all action potentials are alike, how can the brain tell one from another?
Definition

 

Because they all go to different places in the brain

Term
How can the brain tell the difference between sound, touch, and smell?
Definition
Depends on where the nerve fibers terminate in the brain.
Term
Where do we find Free Nerve Endings?  Are they highly advanced or primitive?
Definition

Location:?

 

Primitive

Term
List the four sensations that Free Nerve Endings can detect.
Definition
Vibrations, temperature, pain, touch
Term
What do we know about how Free Nerve Endings send APs?
Definition
unknown, but APs are genetrated by stimilus.
Term
What are tactile hairs? Importance? What do they detect?
Definition
Around hair follicles, very sensitive, fires if hair is moved, adapts quickly.
Term

Which receptor is useful for light touch, and detecting movement?

 

Do these adapt rapidly or slowly?

Why is adaptation important?

Definition

Meissners corpuscles

 

adapt quickly therefore, they are very sensitive to skin

Term
Where do we find Genital End Bulbs? Function?
Definition

Located in dermis of glans penis, glans clitoris

 

Produce erotic sensation

Term

Which receptor is useful for deep pressure?

 

Do these adapt slowly or quickly?

Definition

Pacinian corpuscles

 

adapt quickly

Term
What receptor is sensitive to cool or cold touching the skin?
Definition
Cold receptors
Term
What receptor is sensitive to warm or hot touching the skin?
Definition
Warm receptors
Term

Have you ever experinced curious sensory illusions?

 

Explain why this occurs

Definition
Yes, occurs when cold receptors are exposed to temperatures above 45 degrees C. The cold receptors may "fire" and give a sensation of cold while the noiciceptors give pain, similar if hot receptors are exposed to very cold temperatures.
Term
In general, if thermal energy is leaving our skin, we feel_________________.
Definition
cool or cold
Term
In general, if thermal energy is entering our skin, we feel______________.
Definition
warm or hot
Term
What sensation occurs if any sensory neuron fires at a very rapid rate?
Definition
pain
Term
What are nociceptors (type of cell) ? give function?
Definition

are specialized free nerve endings.

simple, branched, bare ends of dendrites.

 

detects pain, tissue damage

Term
When does pain adapt? Why is it this way?
Definition

pain does not adapt

 

because pain is a warning of tissue damage.

Term

What is somatic pain?

 

Visceral pain?

Definition

Somatic pain is from skin, muscles, and bone joints.

 

Visceral pain is from the viscera (gut)

Term
Pain is felt in the ___________. Why is this a problem?
Definition
thalamus, problem because the thalamus cannot give precise location of pain.
Term
How do we know where pain is located?
Definition

We must learn to associate pain with the sensation of touch.

Somatic pain usually projected back to source

 

Vesceral pain is poorly localized, usually projected to skin over the organ which is the source of pain or lose to the source- may be referred to another location.

Term
What is referred pain? Give examples.
Definition

Referred pain- projected to skin that has sensory neurons at the same level of CNS

 

Ex: Nerves from the heart enter at SpCd at T1-T4.

Skin of left arm and neck enters SpCd at T1-T4.

 

Term
Where are the olfactory receptors located?
Definition
located on the superior nasal surface
Term
What determines if a substance will be smelled?
Definition
the chemical must be volatile and must cause depolarization
Term
How does sniffing improve smelling?
Definition
sniffing carries air to olfactory cells. We are sensitive to very low concentration- PPM and PPB
Term
How long does it take for olfactory receptor cells to adapt?
Definition
Olfactory cells adapt 50% in 5 to 15 secs.  Stays at 50% adaptation as long as odor remains in the inhaled air
Term
What percent of adaptation occurs at the olfactory receptors?
Definition
50 %
Term
How long does it take for most smells to vanish or nearly vanish? Give mechanism for this.
Definition
Complete adaptation will occur in about 60 seconds.  Because the CNS ignores it.
Term
About how many different smells can humans detect?
Definition
we can detect about 200 chemical and about 1,000 odors.
Term
Is sense of smell well developed in humans?
Definition
smell is NOT well developed in humans
Term
What type of odors are subconscious? Why are these important?
Definition
Pheromones
Term
Know where on the tongue the four primary tastes are best detected. List other tastes that humans can detect.
Definition
metallic, alcohol, spices, gasoline
Term
Is smell important to the sensation of taste?
Definition
yes, humans must depend on smell for many taste sensations.
Term
To be tasted, a chemical must be soluble in______.
Definition
Saliva
Term
About how many tastes can humans detect?
Definition
4 primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty
Term
Where in the brain is taste perceived?
Definition
Post-central gyrus of cerebrum
Term
Know the location and function of: macula, utricle, and saccula? Define macula, utricle, saccula.
Definition

Location and funtion?

 

macula: the spot

utricle: bag

saccula: sack

Term
Know what happens if cilia of hair cells are bent one way? When bent the other way?
Definition

If bend kinocilium to the right, open Na+ ch.  Increase APs, >200 APs/sec.

If bend kincilium to the left, open K+ ch. Decrease APs, <200 APs/sec.

Term
If the body leans, what happens to the hair cells on the left and right sides of the body?
Definition
If body leans, gravity bends the kinocilia, therefore, on right side the hair cells fire >200 APs/sec. on the left side the hair cells fire <200 APs/sec.
Term
If the body leans the other way, what happens?
Definition
If body leans, gravity bends the kinocilia, therefore, on right side the hair cells fire >200 APs/sec. on the left side the hair cells fire <200 APs/sec.
Term
When you tilt your head, why don't you feel off-balance? Be specific. Relate angle of joints and bending of hair cells.
Definition
If the head tilts but the body remains perpendicular, kinocilia bend sending APs to cerebellum. Also receptors in neck for angle of joints also "fire" sending APs to cerebellum. Cerebellum compares angle of hair cells to angle of joints in neck, if angles are equal, no correction needed.
Term
Under normal conditions, the action potentials from the maculae go to _____________ and cause ___________.
Definition
cerebellum, correction for balance
Term
Discuss being pushed and recovery from.
Definition
If one is pushed, kinocila bend. APs get sent to cerebellum, the APs are sent from cerebellum to correct for off balance.
Term
Discuss the start of a race and body lean.
Definition
Lean forward so gravity = acceleration
Term
Discuss deceleration and body lean.
Definition
lean backwards or "slide" so gravity = deceleration.
Term
Discuss leaning into the wind.
Definition
lean into the wind to keep balance. Pressure of wind against skin will be balanced out against gravity.
Term
What happens when one spins around? why?
Definition
both sides are bending out, it confuses the brain.
Term
Are the hair cells in maculae very sensitive?
Definition
Yes, can detect 1/2 degree change from perpendicular.
Term
Discuss dynamic equilibrium, semicircular canals, ampulla, crista, cupula and hair cells.
Definition

3 semicirular canals on each side set in planes ~ 90 degree to others.

Filled with fluid.

Inside of each ampulla is located crista, cupula, and hair cells.

Term
If you rotate your head, explain what happens to the fluid and the hair cells on the crista. How does this affect the skeletal muscles? How does this effect the eyes?
Definition
if one turns there head, the fluid tends to remain stationary. Therefore cupula bend, therefore the hair cells on one side fire >200 APs/sec and the hairl cells on the other side fire< 200 APs/sec. These APs go to the parietal lobe and cause the sensation of rotation. APs also go to the cerebellum and the cerebellum sends APs to skeletal muscles to maintain body balance and muscles that control eye movement.
Term
What happens to the fluid in the semicircular canals after 2 or 3 seconds?
Definition
the fluid will rotate with semicircular canals.
Term
What happens to the fluid when you stop rotating your head?
Definition
Continues for 2-3 seconds.
Term
What is a major function of this system?
Definition
to maintain eye focus and equlibrum when turning
Term
Be able to explain the function of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.
Definition

Stapedius muscle pulls stapes outward (If sound is loud)

Tensor Tympani muscle pulls malleus inward. (This reduces background noise to improve hearing)

Term
Explain the resonant point
Definition
The resonant point is due to the size of the transverse fibers in the basilar membrane. Resonant point: where one vibrating object induces another object to vibration at same frequency
Term
Trace the action potentials from hair cells to the temporal lobe. Name the structures.
Definition

Aps on the Afferent N.

APs carred to the Thalamus which relays APs to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

which gives sensation of sound.

The point of maximum displacement will send inhibitory APs on the efferent N. to the adjacent hair cells to give sharper sounds.

Term
What is the function of the primary sensory area? Whis is the function of the secondary sensory area?
Definition

Primary auditory area in the (temporal)

-Pitch and Rhythm

 

Secondary auditory area

-Speech, music, noise

-Compares with past

-Gives recognition

-stores about 1% for future reference

-then sends it to the Gnostic Area.

Term
What is the function of the Gnostic Area?
Definition
gives common thought
Term
Discuss how to handle the hearing impaired.
Definition

-Get attention, touch arm or shoulder

-face the person so he/she can see eyes and lips

-speak slowly

-enunciate clearly

-write out instructions, have them write out

-Be helpful, understanding.

Term
know factors that increase and reduce childhood ear infections.
Definition

90% of children will have AOM. 20 million doc visits/yr. most common between 6mo-24mo.

Living in home with tobacco smoke increases by 50%. Oacifier increase risk as well as bottle feeding. Dont lay on back w/ bottle, being around children increase risk, day care increases risk

 

Breast feeding reduces ear infection. Breast feeding for at least 6mo to 12mon is better

Term
Is vision our most important sense? Explain
Definition
No, touch because touch is only sense fully developed at birth.
Term

Know that light is a wave form of energy.

Know how it relates to other forms of wave energy.

Definition

Wave form enery ranges from sound tob cosmic rays. As the wave length becomes shorter, the energy level increase.

radio wave

microwave cooking (12cm long)

visible light (460-780nm)

vision reguires energy to break chemical bonds (must be shorter than 1000nm)

X-rays high energy, damage DNA

Term
Know the length (in nm) of visible light.
Definition
460-780nm
Term
Know the length (in nm) needed to break chemical bonds.
Definition
1000 nm
Term
know function of cornea:
Definition
greatest refraction
Term
know function of lens:
Definition
fine focus
Term
know function of retina:
Definition
 image focus
Term
know function of rods:
Definition
detect black and white, used primarily for night vision
Term
know function of cones:
Definition
for sharper image
Term
know function of fovea:
Definition
center
Term
know function of rhodopsin:
Definition
Term
know function of bipolar cells (on and off):
Definition
Transmits "signals" from rods and cones to ganglion cells.
Term
Know function of horizontal cells:
Definition
 transmit deploarization and hyperpolarizations. Tend to inhibit adjacent bipplar cells-----> this sharpens spots and lines.
Term
know function of amacrine cells:
Definition
inhibit adjacent ganglion cells- sharpen visual images.
Term
know function of ganglion cells:
Definition
use APs to carry visual information to the thalamus.
Term
Know the meaning of the term emmetropia:
Definition

normal eye

emme= good, normal

Term
Know the meaning of the term myopia:
Definition
near sighted
Term
Know the meaning of the term hypermetropia:
Definition
far sighted
Term
Know the meaning of antigmatism:
Definition
imperfect cornea or lens
Term
Know the meaning of the term persbyopia:
Definition
elder eye, loss of elasticity of lens.
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