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Senses: General and Specific
Flach Cards Set 12
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/14/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is sensation?
Definition
Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
Term

How is sensation stimuli detected?

Definition
Receptors
Term
What are the two types of Receptors?
Definition
  1. General
  2. Special
Term

What do General receptors detect?

(6)

Definition
  • temperature
  • pain
  • touch
  • stretch
  • pressure
  • proceiption
Term

What do special senses detect?

(5)

Definition
  • Gustation
  • Olfaction
  • vision
  • equilibrium
  • Audition
Term

Charateristics of receptors

 

Definition
  • Smaller receptive field offers greater specificity of location 
  • Smaller receptors on hand - larger on back
  • May act continuously (tonic) - pain
  • May merely detect changes - sitting on something - after a while you don't feel it
Term

Tonic Receptors

Definition

With continued exposure sensitivity to the stimulus remains constant

 

ex - hold head up - balance receptors in ear

Term
Phasic Receptors
Definition

Detection of a new or changed stimulus produces a response. 

 

With continued exposure sensitivity to the stimulus dimishes - called adaption

 

ex - foot in shoe - tactile receptors on skin

Term

Peripheral Sensory Receptors are:

 

They are classified according to:

Definition

Structures that pick up sensory stimuli which initiate signals in sensory axons.

 

Stimulus origin - outside or inside the body

Receptor Distribution - where is the receptor

Modality of stimulus - what is being detected

 

 

Term
3 types of receptors associated with Stimulus Orign are:
Definition
  1. Externoreptors - Detect stimuli from external environment
  2. Interoceptors - Detect stimuli from internal organs (vicera) - also stretch, pressure, chemical changes and temperature in vicera
  3. Proprioceptors - posture and where you are in space, awareness of the position and state of contractons of muscles
Term

Two types of receptor classificaton by distribution are:

Definition
  1. Somatic sensory receptors - housed w/i the body wall - skin - chemicals temperature, pain touch and proprioception
  2. Viceral sensory receptors - Housed in walls of vicera - respond to chemicals, temperature and pressure
Term

Types of receptor classificaton by Modality of stimulus are:

(6)

Definition
  1. Chemoreceptors - molecules - taste, smell
  2. Thermorecptors - skin/tongue - temperature
  3. Photoreceptor - cones and rods - Light
  4. Mechanoreceptors - pressure, stretch, tension, touch, vibration - tactile receptors
  5. Baroreceptors - pressure changes w/i body structures
  6. Nociceptors - pain
Term

What are Tactile Receptors?

 

What are the two types?

 

What is the difference?

Definition
  1. Mechanorreceptors in the dermis & hypodermis
  2. Most numerous type of receptors

 

Unencapsulated - no connective tissue wraping

Capsulated - covered by connective tissue or glial cells

 

 

Term
What are the general characteristics of the Special Senses?
Definition
  1. Receptors are confined to head region
  2. Receptor cells housed in complex sensory organs or distinctive epithlial structures
  3. Sensory information travels via Craniel Nerves
Term

What type of receptors are taste buds? 

 

Where are they located? 

 

What are the 4 types?

Definition

Chemorecptors - must have saliva to taste

 

On tongue, posterior palate, cheeks, posterior pharynx, epiglottis

 

Vallate

Filiform

Fungiform

Foliate

Term

What is a general name for taste buds?

 

What are they made of?

Definition

Papillae

 

Epithelial and connective tissue elevations

Term

Which type of Papillea are

  • short and spiked
  • are on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • do not have taste buds?

 

Definition
Filiform
Term
Vallate
Definition

These papillae

  •  are the least numerous
  • largest
  • arranged in an inverted V on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue
  • surrounded by a deep narrow depression
  • Most of our taste buds housed in these

 

Term
Fungiform
Definition

Which type of Papilae are

 

  • block like projections
  • located primarily on the tip and sides of the tongue
  • contain only a few taste buds?
Term
Foliate
Definition

Which type of Papillae

 

  • are not well developed
  • ridges on postierior lateral side
  • taste buds only in infancy and childhood and die as you grow up
Term

How often do taste buds replace?

 

What happens when you turn 50?

Definition

Book - 7-10 days

Lecture - 3-4 day

 

At age 50 you start to loose more taste buds than you replace - why old people may not have an appitite.

Term

What are the 3 types of cells in Taste buds?

 

What type of epithelial cells?

Definition
  1. Supporting cells - insulate gustatory cells from each other and surrounding epithelium
  2. Gustatory cells - chemoreceptor cells
  3. Basal cells- immature, replace other two cell types.
Term
What are the 4 tastes the Vallate papilla can detect?
Definition
  1. Salty - Na+
  2. Sweet - Glucose
  3. Bitter- H+ (hydrogen ions) acid
  4. Unami - amino Acid - Glutamate (chix soup)
Term
What Cranial nerve are involved in Gustation?
Definition
  1. Facial Nerve (VII) innervates anterior 2/3 of tongue
  2. Glossopharyngeal (IX) posterior 1/3 of tongue
Term

Where are the olfactory bulbs located?

 

How many odors can the olfactory system recognize?

Definition

Nerves run through the Cribform plate

 

50-80 different primary oders as well as many thousands of other chemical stimuli

Term
What type of nerve is the Olfactions nerve?
Definition
Bipolar - special cells that are more accute than the sense of taste
Term

What are the three types of cells in olfaction?

 

What do they rest on?

Definition
  1. Olfactory neurons - receptor cells -chemorecptors- when you smell the actual molecule of the substance is on the receptor.
  2. Supoporting cells - surround the olfactory neurons
  3. Basal cells - stem cells for renewal of others

Mucosa of the Nasal Cavity

Term

What do the photoreceptors in the eyes detect?

 

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

What is their purpose?

Definition

Light, color and movement

 

  1. Conjuctivea -superficial covering over anterior exposed surface
  2. eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids - foreign objects out
  3. Lacrimal glads - moist and clean

Protect the eye

Term
Name the 3 Tunics of the Eye
Definition
  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular
  3. Neural
Term

Fibrous Tunic

Definition
  1. Sclera
  2. Cornea
Term
Vascular Tunic
Definition
  1. Iris
  2. Ciliary Body
  3. Chorod

Neurons need constant O2 - why this part of the eye is so vascular

Term
Neural Tunic
Definition
Retina
Term

Where are the Photoreceptors of the eye located?

 

What are the two types?

 

What do they do?

Definition

Neural Layer of the retina

 

Rods - function in dim light

          Don't provide sharp vision or color vision

 

Cones - Operate best in bright light

            Provide high acuity color vision

Term
Whate are the 3 regions of the retina?
Definition
  1. Macula lutea containes mostly cones
  2. Fovea centralis - found in Macula Lutea contains only cones - maximal visual acuity
  3. Optic disc - axons and ganglion cells converge to exit the eye - Blind spot
Term

What extension of the fetal brain does the retina develope from?

 

What week does it start? - Finish?

Definition

Diencephalon

 

Starts early week 4

Finishes week 20

Term
What is the name for correct Vision?
Definition
Emmetropia
Term

What is the name for the condition when the image focuses behind the retina?

(far sightedness)

 

What kind of lens can correct this?

Definition

Hyperopia

 

Convex Lens

Term

What is the name for the condition in which the image focuses in front of the retina?

(nearsightedness)

 

What type of lens corrects this?

Definition

Myopia

 

Concave Lens

Term
What are the Structures of the ear?
Definition
  1. Outer Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
Term
Outer Ear Structures
Definition
  1. Auricle
  2. External auditory canal
  3. Typanic Membrane
  4. Produces Cerumen
Term

Earwax is made of

Definition

Cerumen and dead skin cells

Term
What are the middle ear structures?
Definition
  • Air filled typanic cavity
  • A boney wall separates middle ear from inner ear
  • houses the oval and round windows
  1. Incus
  2. Malleus
  3. Stapes
Term
Inner Ear Structures
Definition
  1. Vestibule
  2. Semicircular Canals
  3. Cochlea
Term
There are two types of structures in each of the parts of the inner ear - what are they?
Definition
  1. Bony Labyrinth - spaces or cavities w/i the petrous portion of the temporal bone

 

  1. Membranous Labyrinth - fluid-filled tubes and spaces w/i the bony labyrinth
Term

Where are the uticle, and saccule housed?

 

What do they do?

Definition

The membranous Labyrinth structure w/i the bony structure of the Vestibule.

 

Detect acceleration and deceleraton and gravity

 

Term

Where are the semicircular ducts?

 

What do they dectect?

Definition

they are the membranous structure w/i the semicircular canals

 

They detect rotational movements - where you are in space - cerebellum

Term

What structures make up the Cochlea?

 

What do they detect?

Definition

Cochlear Duct

 

Audition

 

 

Term

Where does hearing happen?

 

Where are the receptors for hearing located w/i this structure?

 

Whate is another name for them?

Definition
  • Cochlea - two parts spiraling chamber and cochlear duct

Receptors for hearing located in cochlear duct, specifically in the spiral organ of corti

 

  • Contains the Inner and Outer hair cells  - the receptor for hearing , also called sterocillia
  •  Tectorial Membrane   

 

Term
Describe the pathway of hearing
Definition
  1. Soundwaves - ex. au. canal- vibrate typanic membrane
  2. vibration moves auditory ossicles - sound waves are amplified, stapes moves w/i the oval window - pressure waves generated
  3. Vestibular membrance vibrates - pressure wave in endolymp of sdcalea media - displace a specific region of basilar membrane- hair cells are distorted-stimulates cochlear nerve
  4. remaining pressure wave vibrations transfered to the scala tympani and exit via the round window
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