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Senses
General and Special
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/15/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Receptors for General senses
Definition
temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure
Term
Receptors for special senses
Definition
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing
Term
sense organs nerve endings are assoicated with
Definition

epithelium

connective tissue

muscular tissue

Term
Receptive Fields
Definition
The specific area monitored by each sensory receptor
Term
Transducers
Definition

are structures that transform the energy of one system (ex: heat) into a different form of energy (ex: a nerve impulse)

Term
Tonic receptors
Definition

respond continusously to stimuli at a constant rate

 

 

Ex: are the balance receptors in the ear that keep the head upright

Term
Phasic receptors
Definition

detect a new stimulus or a change in a stimulus that has already been applied, but over time their sensitivity decreases

 

Ex:  the tactile receptors of the skin that sense the increased pressure if we are pinched.`

Term

Somatic receptors are housed ________

they include receptors for ___________

Definition

within the body wall

external stimuli, including chemicals

temperature

pain

touch

proprioception

pressure

Term

Viseral receptors are located in ______________

they respond to ___________________

and are sometimes also called

Definition

the walls of the viserea

chemicals

temperature

pressure

interoceptors or visceroceptors

 

Term

Where are the receptors for the special senses located

Where are they housed

Definition

within sense organs

only in the head

Term
What are the five special senses
Definition

gustation (taste)

olfaction (smell)

vision

equilibrium

hearing (audition)

Term
What are the three types of receptors
Definition

Exteroceptors

Interoceptors

Proprioceptors

Term
Exteroceptors
Definition

Detect stimuli from the external environment

 

EX: the receptors in your skin (cutaneous receptors) are exteroceptors because external stimuli typically cause sensations to the skin.

taste of food

sound of music

Term
What type of receptors are found in the mucous membranes such as the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anol canal
Definition
Exteroceptors
Term
Interoceptors
Definition

detect stimuli in internal organs (viscera)

 

Also called visceroceptors

Term
These receptors are primarily stretch receptors in the smooth muscle of organs
Definition
Interoceptors
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition

are located in muscles

tendons

joints

Term
A receptor that detects body and limb movements
Definition
Proprioceptors
Term
A receptor that detects skeletal muscle contraction and stretch
Definition
Proprioceptors
Term
A receptor that detects changes joint capsule structure
Definition
proprioceptors
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition

detect chemicals such as specific molecules dissolved in fluid in our external and internal environments, including ingested food and drink, body fluids, and inhaled air.

 

Ex:  taste buds, blood vessels

Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
respond to changes in temperature
Term
Mechanoredeptors
Definition

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

 

Ex:  skin (cutaneous receptors), ear (equilibrium & hearing)

Term
Baroreceptors
Definition

detect changes in pressure within body structures

 

Ex:  branch repeatly within the connective tissues in vessel or organ walls, especially the elastic layers

Term
Nociceptors
Definition

respond to pain caused by either external or internal stimuli

 

Ex:  exposure to acid, touching a hot pan, or suffering a sprained ankle

Term
somatic nociceptors
Definition
detect chemical, heat, or mechanical damage to the body surface or skeletal muscles
Term
What you notice the fine details in a colorful picture what part of the eye is responsible for this
Definition
Cones in the neural layer in the retina
Term
visceral nociceptors
Definition

detect internal body damage within the viscera

 

excessive stretching of smooth muscle

oxygen deprivation of the tissue

chemicals released from damaged tissue

Term
Referred Pain
Definition

occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin.

 

Ex:  cardiac problems (heart attack) - feel pain along the medial side of the left arm

Kidney and ureter paine - felt in the inferior abdominal wall in the groin and loin regions

Term
Tactile receptors
Definition

are the most numerous type of receptor.

They are mechanoreceptors that react to touch, pressure and vibration stimuli.

They are located in the dermis and the subscutaneous layer

Term
Where are tactile receptors located
Definition
in the dermis and the subcutaneous layer
Term
Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors
Definition
have no connective tissue wrapping around them are are relatively simple in structure
Term
What are the three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors
Definition

free nerve endings

root hair plexuses

tactile discs

Term
Free nerve endings
Definition

are teminal branches of dendrites

close to the surface of the skin (papillary layer)

detect pain and temperature

light touch and pressure

Term
Root hair plexuses
Definition
are specialized free nerve endings that form a weblike sheath around hair follicles in the reticular layer of the dermis
Term
Tactile discs
Definition

(Merkel discs)

are flattened nerve endings that function as tonic receptors for fine touch

located in the stratum basaled

Term
Krause bulbs
Definition
are located near the border of the stratified squamous epithelium in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and anal canal, where they detect light pressure stimuli and low frequency vibration
Term
Lamellated corpuscles
Definition

(Pacinian corpuscles)

are large receptrs that detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

found deep within the reticular layer of the dermis-palms of the hands, soles of the feet, breasts, external genitalia, synovial membranes of joints, wall of some organs

Term
Ruffini corpuscels
Definition

detect both continuous deep pressure and distortion in the skin

dermis and subcutaneous layer

Term
Tactile corpuscles
Definition

(Meissner corpuscles)

phasic receptors for light touch, shapes, and texture

 

dermal papillae of the skin, lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals

Term
Gustation
Definition

sense of taste

(contact chemoreception - taste buds)

Term
What are the four types of papillae on the tongue
Definition

filiform - anterior-dorsal

fungiform - tip & sides

vallate - posterior dorsal surface

foliate - posterial lateral sides

Term
What are the five basic taste sensations
Definition
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
Term
What crainal nerve receive sensory stimuli from the gustatory cells
Definition

VII -facial - anterior two thirds

IX - glossopharyngeal - posterior one third

of the tongue

Term
Olfaction is what type of receptor
Definition

remote chemoreception

because an object can be at a distance and we may still be able to sense its odor

Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
a specialized stratified squamous epithelium forms a continuous lining of the external, anterior surface of the eye and the internal surface of the eyelid
Term
ocular conjuctiva
Definition
anterior surface of the eye
Term
palpebral conjunctiva
Definition
internal surface of the eyelid
Term
Lacrimal Apparatus
Definition
produces, collects and drains lacrimal fluid, more commonly known as tears
Term
What are the three principal layers of the eye wall
Definition

Fibrous tunic - outermost layer

Vascular Tunic - middle layer

Retina - innermost layer

Term
Fibrous Tunic
Definition

Anterior corna & Posterior sclera

refracts (bends) light rays going into the eye

 

 

Term
Vascular Tunic
Definition

Composed of the

Choroid

cliary body

Iris

Term
The Choroid
Definition

supplies nutrients and oxygen to the retina

melanin pigment abosorb extraneous light that enters the eye, allowing the retina to clearly interpret the remaining light rays and form a visual image

Term
Iris
Definition
controls pupil size
Term
What helps you see at night
Definition
rods in the neural layer of the rentia
Term
Cataracts
Definition
are small opacities within the lens that, over time, may coalesce to completely obscure the lens
Term
Mucular degeneration
Definition
the physical degeneration of the macula tutea of the retina, has become a leading cause of blindness in developed countries
Term
Amacrine cells
Definition

help process and integrate visual information

as it passes between bipolar and ganglionic neurons

Term
Glaucoma
Definition

is a disease that exists in three forms, all characterized by increased intraocular pressure:

angle-closuer glaucomea

open-angel glaucoma

congenital of juvenile glaucoma

Term
Aqueous Humor
Definition
a watery secretion that flows continuously through the eye, removing waste products and helping to maintain the chemical enviroment
Term
presbyopia
Definition

(old man eyes)

with age the lens becomes less resilient and less able to become spherical.  Thus, the lens does not become spherica shape needed for near vision and you cannot read small print close up without the help of reading glasses

Term
Emmetropia
Definition

normal vision

the parallel rays of light are focused exactly on the retina

Term
Hyperopia
Definition

farsighted

have problems seeing things closeup

converent rays (those that come together from distant points) can be brought to focus on the retina

Term
what is the cause of hyperopia
Definition
"short" eyeball; parallel light rays from objects close to the eye focus posterior to the retina
Term
myopia
Definition

nearsighted

have trouble seeing far away

rays relatively close to the eye focus on the retina

Term
What cause myopia
Definition

"long" eyeball

parallel light rays from objects at some distance from the eye focus anterior to the retina within the vitreous body

Term
astigmatism
Definition
causes unequal focusing and blurred images due to unequal curvatures along different margins in one or more of the refractive surfaces (cornia, anterior surface, or posterior surface of the lens)
Term
Auricle
Definition

the external ear

 

protects the entry into the ear and to direct sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

Term
External Acoustic Meatus
Definition

extends medially and slightly superiorly from the lateral surface of the head

terminates at the tympanic membrane

Term
tympanic membrane
Definition

a delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear

Vibrates when shound waves hit it

Term
what allows for pressue to equalize in the middle ear
Definition
auditory tube
Term
What are the three smallest bones in the body and where are they located
Definition

auditory ossicles ( stapes, incus, malleus)

Ear

Term
What to cranial nerves innervate the ear
Definition

CN VIII - Vestibuloccochlear nerve

CN VII - Facial nerve

Term
Cranial Nerves of Taste
Definition

VII - Facial

IX - Glossopharyngea

X - Vagus

Term
Cranial Nerves of the eye
Definition

IV - Trochlear

VI - Abuducens

III - Oculomotor

Term

Extrinsic eye muslce

Superior oblique

Definition

depresses eye, turns laterally

Nerve IV (trochlear)

Term

Extrinsic eye muscle

Lateral rectus

Definition

Turns laterally

 Nerve VI - abducens

Term

Extrinsic eye muscle

Medial rectus

Definition

Turns medially

Nerve III - Oculomotor

Term

Extrinsic eye muscle

Superior rectus

Definition

Elevates

Nerve III Oculomotor

Term

Extrinsic eye muscle

Inferior rectus

Definition

Depresses eye

Nerve - III Oculomotor

Term

Extrinsic eye muscles

Inferior oblique

Definition

Elevated eye, turns laterally

Nerve III Oculomotor

Term
What is the light path of the eye
Definition

Cornea -> Aneterior segment -> Pupil -> Lens -> Posterior segment -> Neural layer of retina -> Pigmented retina

C    

A    

P    

L    

P

N

P

Term

Inner ear

 

Macula Structure

Definition

Located within the walls of the saccule and utricle in the vestibular complex

 

Hair cells within the maculae detect both the orientation of the head when the body is stationary and linear acceleration of the head

Term
Acoustic neuroma
Definition
a tumor of the vestibular branch of CN VIII caused from continuous or repeated exposure to loud noises
Term
Keratitis
Definition
inflammation of the cornea
Term
nystagmus
Definition
involuntray, rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs, may occur after damage to the brainstem
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